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Table 5 Associations a between pregnancy levels of PFOS/PFOA (ng/ml) and offspring behavioural and hyperactivity problems

From: Pregnancy serum concentrations of perfluorinated alkyl substances and offspring behaviour and motor development at age 5–9 years – a prospective study

Scale

Combinede

Greenland

Ukraine

Poland

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

(N = 1,106)

(n = 526)

(n = 491)

(n = 89)

SDQ-total b

    

  PFOS

    

  Low

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

  Medium

1.1 (0.5, 2.5)

1.7 (0.7, 4.0)

0.6 (0.2, 1.6)

-

  High

1.5 (0.5, 4.8)

0.8 (0.3, 2.2)

0.6 (0.2, 1.5)

-

  Continuousd

1.1 (0.6, 2.0)

0.9 (0.4, 2.1)

1.0 (0.4, 2.5)

-

PFOA

    

  Low

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

  Medium

2.0 (1.0, 4.2)

2.7 (1.0, 7.5)

1.3 (0.5, 3.5)

-

  High

2.7 (1.2, 6.3)

1.9 (0.7, 5.4)

1.5 (0.6, 4.2)

-

  Continuousd

1.5 (0.9, 2.6)

2.1 (0.8, 5.2)

1.0 (0.4, 2.3)

-

Hyperactivity c

    

PFOS

    

  Low

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

-

  Medium

1.2 (0.5, 2.5)

1.1 (0.4, 3.4)

1.2 (0.4, 3.3)

-

  High

1.4 (0.4, 4.9)

1.3 (0.4, 3.9)

1.4 (0.5, 3.9)

-

  Continuousd

1.7 (0.9, 3.2)

1.9 (0.7, 4.8)

1.3 (0.5, 3.4)

-

PFOA

    

  Low

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

-

  Medium

0.8 (0.4, 2.0)

5.4 (1.1, 25.6)

0.8 (0.3, 2.3)

-

  High

3.1 (1.3, 7.2)

6.3 (1.3, 30.1)

0.9 (0.3, 2.4)

-

  Continuousd

1.6 (0.9, 2.8)

3.6 (1.2, 3.7)

0.8 (0.3, 1.9)

-

  1. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PFOA, perfluorooctanoate; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate; SDQ, strength and difficulties questionnaire; Ref, reference group.
  2. aAdjusted for maternal cotinine level during pregnancy, maternal alcohol consumption at conception, child sex, maternal age at pregnancy and gestational age at blood sampling.
  3. bSDQ cut-offs: normal and borderline (0 to 16) versus abnormal (17 to 40).
  4. cHyperactivity cut-offs: normal and borderline (0 to 6) versus (7 to 10).
  5. dThe change in OR according to one natural logarithm increase in exposures.
  6. eAdditionally adjusted for country.