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Table 1 The distribution the demographic variables and other risk factors, by CKDu outcome
| CKDu Patients (Cases) N = 125(%) | Non CKD (Controls) N = 180 (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Male | 89 (71.2) | 98 (54.4) | 2.07 (1.27-3.36) 0.0031* |
| Female | 36 (18.8) | 82 (45.6) | |
| Education | |||
| Up to OL | 92 (73.6) | 147 (81.7) | 0.64 (0.37-1.10) 0.1041 |
| Higher education | 33 (26.4) | 33 (18.3) | |
| Farming | |||
| Yes | 107 (85.6) | 118 (65.6) | 3.12 (1.74-5.61) < 0.0001* |
| No | 18 (14.4) | 62 (34.4) | |
| Pesticide application | |||
| Yes | 86 (68.8) | 72 (40.0) | 3.31 (2.04-5.36) <0.0001* |
| No | 39 (31.2) | 108 (60.0) | |
| Applying Fertilizer | |||
| Yes | 95 (76.0) | 103 (57.2) | 2.37 (1.43-3.93) < 0.0001* |
| No | 30 (24.0) | 77 (42.8) | |
| Drinking well water | |||
| Yes | 116 (92.8) | 131 (72.8) | 4.82 (2.27-10.24) < 0.0001* |
| No | 9 (7.2) | 49 (27.2) | |
| History of drinking water from abandoned well | |||
| Yes | 58 (46.4) | 20 (11.1) | 6.93 (3.87-12.40) < 0.0001* |
| No | 67 (53.6) | 160 (88.9) | |
| Smoking | |||
| Yes | 36 (28.8) | 37 (20.6) | 1.56 (0.92-2.66) 0.0970 |
| No | 89 (71.2) | 143 (79.4) | |
| Illicit alcohol | |||
| Yes | 17 (13.6) | 21 (11.7) | 1.19 (0.60-2.36) 0.6150 |
| No | 108 (86.4) | 159 (88.3) | |
| Betel chewing | |||
| Yes | 106 (84.8) | 152 (84.4) | 1.03 (0.55-1.94)0.9326 |
| No | 19 (15.2) | 28 (15.6) | |
| Tobacco with betel chewing | |||
| Yes | 92 (73.6) | 129 (71.7) | 1.10 (0.66-1.84) 0.7101 |
| No | 33 (26.4) | 51 (28.3) | |
| Long term pain killer use | |||
| Yes | 10 (8.0) | 15 (8.3) | 0.96 (0.42-2.20) 0.9169 |
| No | 115 (92.0) | 165 (91.7) | |
| Family history of death due to CKD | |||
| Yes | 9 (7.2) | 13 (7.2) | 1.00 (0.41- 2.41) 0.9941 |
| No | 116 (92.8) | 167 (92.8) | |
| Ever used Organophosphate | |||
| Yes | 54 (43.2) | 54 (30.0) | 1.77 (1.10-2.86) 0.0183* |
| No | 71 (56.8) | 126 (70.0) | |
| Ever used Paraquat | |||
| Yes | 64 (51.2) | 53 (29.4) | 2.51 (1.56-4.04) 0.0001* |
| No | 61 (48.8) | 127 (70.6) | |
| Ever used MCPA | |||
| Yes | 56 (44.8) | 56 (31.1) | 1.80 (1.12-2.88) 0.0152* |
| No | 69 (55.2) | 124 (68.9) | |
| Ever used Glyphosate | |||
| Yes | 82 (65.6) | 55 (30.6) | 4.33 (2.66-7.05) <0.0001* |
| No | 43 (34.4) | 125 (69.4) | |
| Ever used Bispyribac | |||
| Yes | 64 (51.2) | 62 (34.4) | 2.00 (1.25-3.18) 0.0037* |
| No | 61 (48.8) | 118 (65.6) | |
| Ever used Carbofuran | |||
| Yes | 46 (36.8) | 51 (28.3) | 1.47 (0.91-2.40) 0.1192 |
| No | 79 (63.2) | 129 (71.7) | |
| Ever used Mancozeb | |||
| Yes | 46 (36.8) | 51 (28.3) | 1.94(1.21-3.13) 0.0062* |
| No | 79 (63.2) | 129 (71.7) | |
