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Table 3 Other potential risk factors for children's exposure to lead by blood lead concentrations

From: Blood Lead Concentrations in 1–3 Year Old Lebanese Children: A Cross-sectional study

 

Blood lead concentration (μg/L)

  
 

<100 (N = 242) n (%)

> = 100 (N = 39) n (%)

Total (N = 281) n (%)

P-value

Overall health status

    

   Good-Excellent

188 (77.7)

30 (76.9)

218 (77.6)

0.92

   Poor-Satisfactory

54 (22.3)

9 (23.1)

63 (22.4)

 

Iron deficiency

    

   No

163 (76.9)

26 (66.7)

189 (67.7)

0.94

   Yes, without anemia

27 (11.3)

4 (10.3)

31 (11.1)

 

   Yes, with anemia

50 (20.8)

9 (23.1)

59 (21.1)

 

Source of drinking water

    

   Municipality

88 (36.4)

20 (51.3)

108 (38.4)

0.08

   Other†

154 (63.6)

19 (48.7)

173 (61.6)

 

Source of water for cooking

    

   Municipality

144 (60.3)

25 (64.1)

169 (60.8)

0.65

   Other†

95 (39.7)

14 (35.9)

109 (39.2)

 

Use hot tap water for milk or cooking

    

   Yes

14 (5.9)

6 (15.8)

20 (7.2)

0.03

   No

225 (94.1)

32 (84.2)

257 (92.8)

 

Runs tap water before use

    

   Yes

121 (51.3)

23 (59.0)

144 (52.4)

0.37

   No

115 (48.7)

16 (41.0)

131 (47.6)

 

Child eats canned food

    

   Yes

73 (30.2)

12 (30.8)

85 (30.2)

0.94

   No

169 (69.8)

27 (69.2)

196 (69.8)

 

Use glazed pottery for food‡

    

   Yes

19 (8.2)

1 (2.6)

20 (7.4)

0.33

   No

213 (91.8)

38 (97.4)

251 (92.6)

 

Pica behavior§

    

   Yes

66 (27.7)

9 (23.1)

75 (27.1)

0.54

   No

172 (72.3)

30 (76.9)

202 (72.9)

 

Ever applied kohl on child

    

   Yes

30 (12.4)

13 (33.3)

43 (15.3)

0.001

   No

212 (87.6)

26 (66.7)

238 (84.7)

 

Child plays outside home

    

   Yes

48 (20.5)

11 (28.2)

59 (21.6)

0.28

   No

186 (79.5)

28 (71.8)

214 (78.4)

 

Child goes to school

    

   Yes

31 (12.9)

6 (15.8)

37 (13.3)

0.63

   No

209 (87.1)

32 (84.2)

241 (86.7)

 

Mother smokes

    

   Yes

71 (29.3)

13 (33.3)

84 (29.9)

0.61

   No

171 (70.7)

26 (66.7)

197 (70.1)

 

Exposure to passive smoking¶

    

   Yes

161 (66.8)

29 (74.4)

190 (67.9)

0.59

   No

80 (33.2)

10 (25.6)

90 (32.1)

 

Potential for father's occupational exposure to lead††

    

   Low

164 (67.8)

18 (47.4)

182 (66.2)

0.008

   Moderate-High

73 (30.8)

20 (52.6)

93 (33.8)

 

Mother's hobbies with potential Pb exposure‡‡

    

   Yes

10 (4.1)

2 (5.1)

12 (4.3)

0.78

   No

232 (95.9)

37 (94.9)

269 (95.7)

 

Father's hobbies with potential Pb exposure‡‡

    

   Yes

73 (30.2)

14 (35.9)

87 (31.0)

0.47

   No

169 (69.8)

25 (64.1)

194 (69.0)

 
  1. Note: Missing data in some variables. † Bottled water, Springs. ‡ For cooking or serving food §Child seen eating clay, dirt, paint, plaster, or material from the floor. Outside home, such as playground, street, parking lot, or garden. ¶Any smoker (father, mother, or other resident) at home. †† Based on job title. ‡‡ Hobbies such as painting, hunting, or fishing.