From: Blood Lead Concentrations in 1–3 Year Old Lebanese Children: A Cross-sectional study
Blood lead concentration (μg/L) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
<100 (N = 242) n (%) | > = 100 (N = 39) n (%) | Total (N = 281) n (%) | P-value | |
Overall health status | ||||
Good-Excellent | 188 (77.7) | 30 (76.9) | 218 (77.6) | 0.92 |
Poor-Satisfactory | 54 (22.3) | 9 (23.1) | 63 (22.4) | |
Iron deficiency | ||||
No | 163 (76.9) | 26 (66.7) | 189 (67.7) | 0.94 |
Yes, without anemia | 27 (11.3) | 4 (10.3) | 31 (11.1) | |
Yes, with anemia | 50 (20.8) | 9 (23.1) | 59 (21.1) | |
Source of drinking water | ||||
Municipality | 88 (36.4) | 20 (51.3) | 108 (38.4) | 0.08 |
Other† | 154 (63.6) | 19 (48.7) | 173 (61.6) | |
Source of water for cooking | ||||
Municipality | 144 (60.3) | 25 (64.1) | 169 (60.8) | 0.65 |
Other† | 95 (39.7) | 14 (35.9) | 109 (39.2) | |
Use hot tap water for milk or cooking | ||||
Yes | 14 (5.9) | 6 (15.8) | 20 (7.2) | 0.03 |
No | 225 (94.1) | 32 (84.2) | 257 (92.8) | |
Runs tap water before use | ||||
Yes | 121 (51.3) | 23 (59.0) | 144 (52.4) | 0.37 |
No | 115 (48.7) | 16 (41.0) | 131 (47.6) | |
Child eats canned food | ||||
Yes | 73 (30.2) | 12 (30.8) | 85 (30.2) | 0.94 |
No | 169 (69.8) | 27 (69.2) | 196 (69.8) | |
Use glazed pottery for food‡ | ||||
Yes | 19 (8.2) | 1 (2.6) | 20 (7.4) | 0.33 |
No | 213 (91.8) | 38 (97.4) | 251 (92.6) | |
Pica behavior§ | ||||
Yes | 66 (27.7) | 9 (23.1) | 75 (27.1) | 0.54 |
No | 172 (72.3) | 30 (76.9) | 202 (72.9) | |
Ever applied kohl on child | ||||
Yes | 30 (12.4) | 13 (33.3) | 43 (15.3) | 0.001 |
No | 212 (87.6) | 26 (66.7) | 238 (84.7) | |
Child plays outside home∥ | ||||
Yes | 48 (20.5) | 11 (28.2) | 59 (21.6) | 0.28 |
No | 186 (79.5) | 28 (71.8) | 214 (78.4) | |
Child goes to school | ||||
Yes | 31 (12.9) | 6 (15.8) | 37 (13.3) | 0.63 |
No | 209 (87.1) | 32 (84.2) | 241 (86.7) | |
Mother smokes | ||||
Yes | 71 (29.3) | 13 (33.3) | 84 (29.9) | 0.61 |
No | 171 (70.7) | 26 (66.7) | 197 (70.1) | |
Exposure to passive smoking¶ | ||||
Yes | 161 (66.8) | 29 (74.4) | 190 (67.9) | 0.59 |
No | 80 (33.2) | 10 (25.6) | 90 (32.1) | |
Potential for father's occupational exposure to lead†† | ||||
Low | 164 (67.8) | 18 (47.4) | 182 (66.2) | 0.008 |
Moderate-High | 73 (30.8) | 20 (52.6) | 93 (33.8) | |
Mother's hobbies with potential Pb exposure‡‡ | ||||
Yes | 10 (4.1) | 2 (5.1) | 12 (4.3) | 0.78 |
No | 232 (95.9) | 37 (94.9) | 269 (95.7) | |
Father's hobbies with potential Pb exposure‡‡ | ||||
Yes | 73 (30.2) | 14 (35.9) | 87 (31.0) | 0.47 |
No | 169 (69.8) | 25 (64.1) | 194 (69.0) |