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Table 6 Notation for a general two-by-two table

From: Bias magnification in ecologic studies: a methodological investigation

 

exposed

unexposed

sum

cases

p i m i 1

q i m i 0

p i m i 1+q i m i 0

noncases

(1-p i )m i 1

(1-q i )m i 0

(1-p i )m i 1+ (1-q i )m i 0

total

m i 1

m i 0

n i = m i 1+m i 0

risks

p i

q i

 

RD

p i -q i

  

X i

  

m i 1 /n i

Y i

  

(p i m i 1+q i m i 0)/n i

  1. Let p i and q i be the risks of the exposed and unexposed in group i. Let m i 1and m i 0be the numbers of exposed and unexposed in group i. RD = risk difference; X i and Y i are the average exposure and average risk in group i; n i = size of group i.