Metals and kidney markers in adult offspring of endemic nephropathy patients and controls: a two-year follow-up study

Table 4 Association of metals and metalloids with β₂-microglobulin, creatinine clearance, and kidney length controlling for confounders

	β2-microglobulin (ng/mL)			CCR Cockcroft, Gault/BSA (mL/min/m²)			Kidney length (mm)
	Total sample	Ben-offspring	Control-offspring	Total sample	Ben-offspring	Control-offspring	Total sample	Ben-offspring	Control-offspring
	n = 201, obs = 387	n = 102, obs = 192	n = 99, obs = 195	n = 201, obs = 388	n = 102, obs = 193	n = 99, obs = 195	n = 201, obs = 388	n = 102, obs = 193	n = 99, obs = 195
Intercept	1.260	0.992	1.358	98.33	88.30	105.97	100.32	98.41	99.91
Blood lead (μg/L)	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001	-0.02	0.01	-0.06*	0.005	-0.01	0.00
Selenium in serum (μg/L)	0.001	0.003*	0.000	-0.09*	-0.05	-0.14*	0.02*	0.04*	0.01
Cadmium in urine (μg/L)	0.042	0.074	0.003	-2.09	-2.98	-1.53	0.10	0.11	0.05
Arsenic in urine (μg/L)	0.001	0.001	0.002	0.18	0.37	0.17	-0.06	-0.11	-0.07
Sex, male	0.189*	0.235*	0.151*	8.88*	4.70	13.09*	1.92	1.19	2.45
Age (years)	0.004*	0.008*	0.002	-0.67*	-0.57*	-0.69*	0.01	-0.02	0.02
Current smoker	-0.095*	-0.233*	-0.004	-0.30	2.89	-3.01	0.29	2.77*	-0.48
Ex-smoker	0.024	-0.059	0.039	-1.53	3.57	-8.33*	-0.12	0.98	-0.09
Diabetes mellitus	0.058	0.210	-0.063	-2.10	-2.99	-3.99	-1.87	-4.01	-0.25
Hypertension	0.048	-0.040	0.100	1.11	-0.11	2.42	-0.89	0.53	-1.72
Body surface area ^#	-0.174	-0.139	-0.116	-	-	-	8.58*	8.74*	9.55*
Cystitis	0.014	0.032	-0.010	0.01	4.07	-1.41	-0.67	-1.07	-0.42
Pyelonephritis	-0.081	-0.118	0.191	2.39	2.33	-14.38	-0.65	0.77	-0.50
Kidney stone(s)	0.017	0.014	0.123	2.34	2.57	1.62	-0.57	-1.53	0.18
Creatinine in 1-hour urine	0.475*	0.417*	0.530*				-	-	-
Creatinine in morning urine (g/L)	0.018	0.004	0.006	-2.81*	-2.04	-3.57	-0.07	0.35	-0.28

ISSN: 1476-069X