Table 6 Summary of the results from previous and present studies focusing on seven most common specific birth defect.
Sweden 2000 [14] | Norway 2002 [12] | California 2003(1) [11] | California 2003(2) [11] | England and Wales 2007 [13] | Taiwan 2008 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of study | Cross-sectional, population-based | Cross-sectional, population-based | Case-control | Case-control | Cross-sectional, population-based | Cross-sectional, population-based |
Study Population | 115,801 births | 184,676 births | 539 controls | 481 conrols | 2,605,226 births | 396,409 births |
No of birth Defects | 1,842 | 5,764 | 538 | 265 | 22,828 | 2,148 |
Exposure | Chlorine dioxide | Chlorination, High color | TTHMs 50–74 μg/l | TTHMs 50–74 μg/l | TTHMs >= 60 μg/l | TTHMs >= 20 μg/l |
Reference | None | No chlorination, Low color | TTHMs 0 μg/l | TTHMs 0 μg/l | TTHMs <30 μg/l | TTHMs 0–4 μg/l |
Anencephalus | 0.79 (0.15–4.23) (n = 46) | 0.55 (0.26–1.10) (n = 164) | 1.80 (0.76–4.40) (n = 89) | 1.96 (0.94–4.07) (n = 43) | ||
Hydorcephalus | 1.50 (0.30–7.30) (n = 36) | 2.70 (0.77–9.51) (n = 68) | 0.74 (0.43–1.28) (n = 118) | |||
Ventricular septal defects | 1.81 (1.05–3.09) (n = 279) | 1.43 (1.00–2.04) (n = 408) | 1.81 (0.98–3.35) (n = 59) | |||
Atrial septal Defects | 0.92 (0.24–1.50) (n = 73) | 1.33 (0.39–4.58) (n = 19) | ||||
Cleft lip with/without palate | 0.85 (0.53–1.38) (n = 248) | 1.90 (0.81–4.50) (n = 117) | 0.94 (0.83–1.06) (n = 2,909) | 0.98 (0.73–1.32) (n = 358) | ||
Cleft palate | 1.07 (0.35–3.27) (n = 95) | 1.00 (0.32–3.40) (n = 58) | 0.95 (0.76–1.10) (n = 1,929) | 1.56 (1.00–2.41) (n = 129) | ||
Obstructive urinary tract defects | 1.99 (0.66–5.96) (n = 102) | 1.44 (0.66–3.14) (n = 49) |