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Table 7 A comparison of the results from the present, Sweden, Norway, California, and England and Wales studies.

From: Water disinfection by-products and the risk of specific birth defects: a population-based cross-sectional study in Taiwan

Birth defect

Study area

Fixed-Effects Model Summary OR (95 % CI)

Random-Effects Model Summary OR (95% CI)

Q-statistic/P-value*

Anencephalus

Norway 2002

1.13 (0.74–1.73)

1.15 (0.56–2.36)

7.55/0.056

 

California 2003 (1)

   
 

California 2003 (2)

   
 

Taiwan 2008

   
 

Norway 2002

0.85 (0.51–1.43)

0.91 (0.40–2.51)

4.23/0.121

 

California 2003 (1)

   
 

California 2003 (2)

   
 

Norway 2002

0.98 (0.61–1.59)

0.98 (0.38–2.51)

6.19/0.045

 

California 2003 (1)

   
 

Taiwan 2008

   
 

Norway 2002

1.73 (1.01–2.96)

1.73 (1.01–2.96)

0.96/0.619

 

California 2003 (2)

   
 

Taiwan 2008

   

Cleft palate

Norway 2002

1.00 (0.87–1.15)

1.10 (0.82–1.48)

4.50/0.212

 

California 2003 (2)

   
 

Taiwan 2008

   
 

England and Wales 2007

   
 

Norway 2002

1.43 (0.97–2.10)

1.43 (0.97–2.10)

0.74/0.690

 

California 2003 (2)

   
 

Taiwan 2008

   
 

Norway 2002

0.95 (0.83–1.10)

0.95 (0.83–1.10)

0.05/0.976

 

California 2003 (2)

   
 

England and Wales 2007

   
 

California 2003 (2)

1.00 (0.87–1.15)

1.13 (0.77–1.66)

4.49/0.106

 

Taiwan 2008

   
 

England and Wales 2007

   

Cleft lip with/without palate

Norway 2002

0.95 (0.85–1.06)

0.95 (0.85–1.06)

2.76/0.431

 

California 2003 (2)

   
 

Taiwan 2008

   
 

England and Wales 2007

   
 

Norway 2002

1.00 (0.78–1.27)

1.01 (0.75–1.37)

2.58/0.276

 

California 2003 (2)

   
 

Taiwan 2008

   
 

Norway 2002

0.95 (0.84–1.06)

0.97 (0.76–1.24)

2.71/0.258

 

California 2003 (2)

   
 

England and Wales 2007

   
 

California 2003 (2)

0.96 (0.86–1.07)

0.98 (0.82–1.15)

2.54/0.281

 

Taiwan 2008

   
 

England and Wales 2007

   

Ventricular septal defects

Norway 2002

1.59 (1.21–2.07)

1.59 (1.21–2.07)

0.74/0.692

 

Taiwan 2008

   
 

England and Wales 2007

   
 

Norway 2002

1.81 (1.21–2.71)

1.81 (1.21–2.71)

0.0001/0.99

 

Taiwan 2008

   

Hydrocephalus

Sweden 2000

0.95 (0.59–1.50)

1.21 (0.52–2.81)

3.76/0.152

 

Norway 2002

   
 

Taiwan 2008

   

Obstructive urinary tract defects

Norway 2002

1.61 (0.85–3.03)

1.61 (0.85–3.03)

0.22/0.638

 

Taiwan 2008

   

Atrial septal defects

Norway 2002

0.97 (0.61–1.52)

0.97 (0.61–1.52)

0.30/0.59

 

Taiwan 2008

   
  1. *P < 0.05 indicates that a random-effects model is more appropriate.
  2. *Sweden 2000 [14]; California 2003(1): Shaw et. al. Study 1 [11]; California 2003(1): Shaw et. al. Study 2 [11] Norway 2007 [12]; England and Wales 2007 [13]; Taiwan 2008: the present study.