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Table 5 The effects of SEM, traffic measures and land use on birth weight, small for gestational age and preterm births in the study of singleton births in Eastern Massachusetts between 1996 and 2002.

From: The effects of socioeconomic status and indices of physical environment on reduced birth weight and preterm births in Eastern Massachusetts

 

Birth weight

Small for gestational Age

Preterm birth

Model covariates

Change (in grams)

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Socio-demographic indicators

      

Mother's education

      

   Low (≤ 12 years)

-8.5

-12.8, -4.2

1.18

1.14, 1.22

1.11

1.06, 1.15

   High (13–15 years)

Reference

     

   College or postgraduate (≥ 16 years)

6.0

2.0, 10.0

1.05

1.02, 1.08

1.05

1.01, 1.09

Mother's race

      

   White

Reference

     

   African-American

-113.1

-119.7, -106.4

*

 

1.06

1.00, 1.11

   Asian

-192.2

-198.6, -185.8

  

0.77

0.73, 0.82

   Hispanic

-77.7

-83.3, -72.1

  

1.02

0.97, 1.07

APNCU

      

   Inadequate

-53.2

-59.0, -47.4

1.26

1.21, 1.31

4.52

4.25, 4.81

   Intermediate

-39.0

-44.6, -33.3

1.12

1.08, 1.17

1.91

1.76, 2.08

   Appropriate

Reference

     

   Appropriate plus

-11.0

-14.4, -7.5

0.98

0.96, 1.01

9.05

8.67, 9.45

Median household income†

6.8

4.3, 9.3

0.93

0.92, 0.95

0.99

0.98, 1.01

Measures of traffic and land use †

      

Cumulative traffic density

-0.4

-2.0, 1.3

1.02

1.00, 1.03

1.00

0.98, 1.01

Distance to major highways (meters)

3.8

1.9, 5.7

0.99

0.97, 1.00

1.00

0.98, 1.01

% land use for recreation and conservation (open space)

4.4

2.1, 6.6

0.98

0.97, 1.00

0.99

0.97, 1.00

  1. APNCU – adequacy of prenatal care utilization; CI – confidence interval; OR – odds ratio; SD – standard deviation; SEM – socioeconomic measures
  2. All variables in this table were included in one model. Models controlled additionally for mother age, gestational age (for models with birth weight as the outcome), cigarette smoking during pregnancy, previous infant greater than 4000 grams, previous preterm birth, chronic or gestational conditions of mother, and year of birth.
  3. *Race is already controlled for in the definition of "small for gestational age"
  4. †The effect is for 1 SD change in distribution of median household income by census tract, 1 SD change of log-transformed traffic exposures, and 1 SD change of in distribution % open space by census tract.