Table 4 Multivariable model of all cause mortality by blood lead concentrations

Lead ≥ 8 μg/dL (≥ 0.384 μmol/L)

1.78

1.16, 2.73

0.008

Age increase per 5 years

1.62

1.36, 1.92

< 0.001

Clinic

1.56

1.06, 2.30

0.024

Body mass index(kg/m²⁾)

0.98

0.94, 1.02

0.239

Education (years)

0.98

0.92, 1.05

0.620

Alcohol (drinks/wk)

0.99

0.95, 1.04

0.814

Current smoker

1.84

1.18, 2.88

0.008

Hypertension

1.73

1.20, 2.49

0.003

Diabetes

1.11

0.83, 1.49

0.468

Current estrogen use

0.75

0.42, 1.38

0.363

Walk for exercise

0.70

0.48, 1.02

0.066

Total hip, bone density (g/cm²)

0.05

0.01, 0.19

0.001