Chronic exposure to outdoor air pollution and diagnosed cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of three large cross-sectional surveys

Table 4 Associations between pollutant exposure and cardiovascular disease in men

		1994		1998		2003		Combined estimate*
		n	% increase (95% CI)	n	% increase (95% CI)	n	% increase (95% CI)	n	% increase (95% CI)
PM₁₀	Crude	3073	-1.79	3427	-1.32	3331	8.24
			(-5.78, 2.36)		(-5.60, 3.15)		(2.95, 13.81)
	Adjusted	2823	1.46	3034	0.16	2913	9.22	8770	2.88
			(-3.55, 6.73)		(-6.10, 6.84)		(1.72, 17.26)		(-0.64, 6.51)
NO₂	Crude	3073	-0.54	3427	-0.18	3331	2.53
			(-1.45, 0.37)		(-1.23, 0.88)		(1.25, 3.82)
	Adjusted	2823	-0.21	3034	-0.08	2913	2.24	8770	0.37
			(-1.45, 1.04)		(-1.47, 1.33)		(0.47, 4.03)		(-0.45, 1.20)
SO₂	Crude	3073	-1.27	3427	1.12	3343	5.09
			(-2.83, 0.33)		(-0.75, 3.02)		(0.51, 9.88)
	Adjusted	2823	-2.33	3034	0.42	2924	1.47	8781	-0.97
			(-4.35, -0.27)		(-1.94, 2.83)		(-4.43, 7.74)		(-2.47, 0.54)
O₃	Crude	3042	0.85	3405	0.62	3313	-2.33
			(-1.30, 3.03)		(-2.04, 3.35)		(-5.30, 0.74)
	Adjusted	2785	0.35	3012	3.45	2903	-4.12	8700	0.33
			(-2.64, 3.43)		(-0.50, 7.56)		(-8.55, 0.51)		(-1.79, 2.49)

Estimates are % increase in odds of cardiovascular disease with 1 μg m^-3 increase in pollutant concentration
Adjusted estimates are adjusted for age (10 year age groups), social class of head of household (6 groups), body mass index (quartiles), cigarette smoking (never, ex-, current, and region of residence (8 groups), all as categorical variables
*Combined estimate is derived from a fixed effects meta-analysis of year-specific estimates using inverse variance weighting.

ISSN: 1476-069X