Table 1 Controlled human exposure studies in patients with ischemic heart disease and metabolic syndrome.
From: Controlled human exposures to ambient pollutant particles in susceptible populations
Study | Subject (number) | Design | Particles | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Routledge et al [25] | Healthy volunteers (20) Patients with multivessel coronary disease (20) | Placebo controlled, double-blind, randomized | Filtered air Carbon (50 μg/m3) SO2 (200 ppb) Carbon + SO2 | Small increases in RR interval, SDNN, rMSSD LF power immediately post-carbon exposure; Decreased RR interval, SDNN, rMSSD, and PNN50 at 4 hours post-SO2 exposure |
Mills et al [29] | Healthy volunteers (30) | Double-blind, randomized, crossover | Filtered air Diesel exhaust (300 μg/m3) | Attenuated forearm blood flow increase induced by bradykinin, acetylcholine, and nitroprusside infusion at 2 and 6 hours after exposure; Suppressed the bradykinin-induced release in plasma t-PA 6 hours after exposure |
Mills et al [24] | Patients with prior myocardial infarction (20) | Double-blind, randomized, crossover | Filtered air Diesel exhaust (300 μg/m3) | Greater increase in the exercise-induced ischemic burden and decrement of ST segment during exposure; No effects on preexisting vasomotor dysfunction at 6 hours post-exposure; Reduced the bradykinin-induced release of endothelial t-PA |
Tornqvist et al [30] | Healthy volunteers (15) | Double-blind, randomized, crossover | Filtered air Diesel exhaust (300 μg/m3) | Decreased endothelium-dependent vasodilatation; No effects on endothelium-independent vasodilatation or the bradykinin-induced release of endothelial t-PA |
Mills et al [31] | Age-matched healthy volunteer (12) Patients with stable coronary artery disease (12) | Double-blind, randomized, crossover | Filtered air Fine and ultrafine CAPS (190 μg/m3) | CAPS did not affect vasomotor or fibrinolytic function in either middle-aged healthy volunteers or patients with coronary heart disease. |
Peretz et al [35] | Healthy subjects (10) Metabolic syndrome (17) | Double-blind, randomized, crossover | Filtered air Diesel exhaust (100 and 200 μg/m3) | Decreased brachial artery diameter, increased plasma ET-1; No differences between healthy subjects and patients with metabolic syndrome |
Carlsten et al [36] | Metabolic syndrome (16) | Double-blind, randomized, crossover | Filtered air Diesel exhaust (100 and 200 μg/m3) | Decreased vWF at 7 hours postexposure |
Carlsten et al [37] | Healthy subjects (13) | Double-blind, randomized, crossover | Filtered air Diesel exhaust (100 and 200 μg/m3) | No changes in prothrombotic endpoints |