Table 1 Key potential health benefits of GYO in urban areas

   Multi-muscular exercise - improving cardiovascular function

   Load bearing - reduced osteoporosis

   Bending and stretching - increased general muscle tone

   Outdoor exercise - 'fresh' air, sunshine

Nutritional

   Fresh produce rich in vitamins and trace elements

   Green leafy vegetables high in folic acid, iron and ascorbic acid

   Brassicas (cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, brussels sprouts, curly kale) rich in glucosinolates - implicated in preventing cancers

   Legumes (peas, beans) are key components of the health protecting 'Mediterranean diet'

   Berry fruits rich in anthocyanins, flavonoids and vitamin C

   Apples rich in anti-oxidants implicated in cancer prevention

   Sunlight exposure - leading to increased vitamin D synthesis in skin

Psychological

   Sunlight exposure - increased serotonin (less winter-depression)

   Sense of achievement and well-being - improved psychological health

   Empowerment - independence/self sufficiency

   Nature and greenspace interaction-increased well-being

   Enhanced social networks and community interaction-increased well-being

   Sense of community and belonging-increased well-being