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Table 5 Linear regression analysis of log(insulin) on 2,4-D and covariates for ages 20-59, NHANES III, 1988-1994.

From: Perturbation of lipids and glucose metabolism associated with previous 2,4-D exposure: a cross-sectional study of NHANES III data, 1988-1994

Independent variables

All available subjects (n = 703)

Susceptible subpopulations

  

HbA1c > 5.1%

T4 ≤ 8.5 μg/dl

  

(n = 340)

(n = 342)

 

Estimate (95% CI)

Estimate (95% CI)

Estimate (95% CI)

Intercept

3.669

3.495

2.962

 

(2.973, 4.364)a

(2.430, 4,560)a

(1.944, 3.980)a

2,4-D, binary

0.763

2.611

1.451

 

(-0.616, 2.142)

(0.447, 4.775)c

(-0.442, 3.344)

Log(HDL) for 2,4-D < LOD

-0.412

-0.396

-0.295

 

(-0.558, -0.265)a

(-0.627, -0.165)a

(-0.508, -0.081)b

Log(HDL) for 2,4-D ≥ 2,4-D

-0.600

-1.076

-0.657

 

(-0.944, -0.257)a

(-1.605, -0.547)c

(-1.123, -0.191)b

Log(urinary creatinine)

-0.009

0.015

0.001

 

(-0.063, 0.044)

(-0.067, 0.098)

(-0.078, 0.080)

Gender

-0.093

-0.087

-0.044

 

(-0.170, -0.016)c

(-0.203, 0.030)

(-0.160, 0.071)

Age (years)

0.001

0.002

0.002

 

(-0.003, 0.004)

(-0.004, 0.007)

(-0.003, 0.007)

Non-Hispanic Black

0.171

0.183

0.175

 

(0.082, 0.259)a

(0.047, 0.319)b

(0.046, 0.303)b

Mexican American

0.096

0.087

0.129

 

(0.004, 0.188)c

(-0.059, 0.234)

(-0.017, 0.274)

Other ethnicity

0.232

0.074

0.131

 

(0.017, 0.447)c

(-0.228, 0.376)

(-0.175, 0.437)

Past smoker

-0.023

-0.046

0.031

 

(-0.120, 0.074)

(-0.188, 0.096)

(-0.107, 0.168)

Active smoker

-0.112

-0.186

-0.064

 

(-0.192, -0.033)b

(-0.307, -0.066)b

(-0.182, 0.054)

BMI 25-29 kg/m2

0.310

0.325

0.368

 

(0.228, 0.392)a

(0.197, 0.453)a

(0.249, 0.486)a

BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2

0.687

0.672

0.795

 

(0.590, 0.785)a

(0.533, 0.811)a

(0.648, 0.943)a

Alcohol consumption

-0.081

-0.089

-0.052

 

(-0.209, 0.046)

(-0.275, 0.097)

(-0.213, 0.109)

Income ≥ 20K (%)

-0.045

-0.013

0.004

 

(-0.119, 0.030)

(-0.123, 0.096)

(-0.108, 0.116)

Hours of fasting

-0.008

-0.007

-0.010

 

(-0.016, 0.000)c

(-0.018, 0.005)

(-0.021, 0.002)

  1. a p ≤ 0.001, b p ≤ 0.01, c p ≤ 0.05
  2. P-values for the interaction term log(HDL)*2,4-D are 0.30 for all subjects, 0.02 for subjects with HbA1c > 5.1%, and 0.15 for subjects with T4 ≤ 8.5 μg/dl.