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Table 2 Evidence of association between sub-daily exposure to PM and SDNNa

From: Cardiovascular effects of sub-daily levels of ambient fine particles: a systematic review

Authors

Subjects

Design

Exposure Levels

Dur.

Lags

SDNN

Adar et al., 2007

Aged 62-92 yrs, 82% HT

Epi.

PM2.5 mean on bus: 17 μg/m3 (SD10); BC also measured;

5', 30', 1, 4 hb

Lag0

↓ with PM2.5 and BC (more on bus (5' dur.)

Chang et al., 2007

Mean age 66 yrs (SD7), 47% CVD, 60% HT

Epi.

Mean personal PM2.5: 31 μg/m3 (SD27); Other PM size also measured;

1 to 6 hb

Lag0

↓ with PM2.5-10; ↑ with PM1-2.5

Chuang et al., 2007

Mean age 70 yrs (SD12), with or at risk of CVD

Epi.

Fixed site PM2.5 hrly mean: 52 μg/m3 (SD40); SO42- and OC also measured;

1 to 4 h

Lag0

↓ mostly with SO42-

Chuang et al. 2005

Mean age 68.1 yrs (SD3.6), 39% CVD, 61% HT

Epi.

Mean personal PM1-2.5: CVD:11 μg/m3 (SD9) and HT 13 (SD8);

1 to 4 h

Lag0

↓ with PM0.3-1; - with PM1-10

Gold et al., 2000

Mean age 73 yrs (53-87), 29% CVD, 57% HT

Epi.

Fixed site PM2.5, 4 h mean: 15 μg/m3 (3-49); PM10 also measured;

1 and 4 hb

Lag0

↓ with PM2.5

Lipsett et al., 2006

Mean age 71 yrs (SD6), with CVD

Epi.

Fixed site PM2.5 daily mean at 2 sites: 23 μg/m3 (6-90) and 14 (5-52); PM10 also measured;

2, 4, 6 hb

Lag0

↓ with PM10; - with PM2.5

Magari et al., 2002

Mean age 43 yrs (SD13)

Epi.

Daily mean personal PM2.5: 150 μg/m3 (SD292);

15'to 6 hb

Lag0

↓ up to 6 h dur.

Luttmann-Gibson et al., 2006

Mean age 71 yrs (54-90), 84% CVD

Epi.

Fixed site PM2.5 daily mean: 20 μg/m3 (25th: 12, 75th: 25); SO42- and elemental carbon (EC) also measured;

4 and 6 hb

Lag0

-

Sullivan et al., 2005b

Median age 77 yrs (57-87), 62% CVD

Epi.

Hrly mean outside home PM2.5: 11 μg/m3 (3-40);

1 and 4 hb

Lag0

-

Vallejo et al., 2006

Mean age 27 yrs (21-35)

Epi.

Median personal PM2.5: 74 μg/m3 (25th: 49, 75th: 111);

30' to 210'

Lag0

-

Wheeler et al., 2006

Aged 49-76 yrs, 46% CVD, 54% COPD

Epi.

Fixed site PM2.5, 4 h mean:: 18 μg/m3 (25th: 12, 75th: 22);

1 and 4 hb

Lag0

-

Beckett et al., 2005

Mean age 35 yrs (23-52)

Exp.

UFP and fine Zn PM: 500 μg/m3;

2 h

Lag0, 3, 6, 11, 23 h

-

Devlin et al., 2003

Mean age 67 yrs (SD1)

Exp.

CAP < PM2.5: 41 μg/m3 (SD9); with exercise;

2 h

Lag0 and 24 h

-

Frampton et al., 2004

Aged 18-40 yrs, 57% asthmatics

Exp.

UFP: 10 or 25 μg/m3; with exercise;

2 h

Lag0, 3.5, 15, 21, 45 h

-

Gong et al., 2008

Aged 18-50 yrs, 45% asthmatics

Exp.

CAP~UFP: 100 μg/m3 (SD68) for 2 h with exercise;

2 h

Lag0, 4, 22 h

-

Gong et al., 2004

Mean age 36 yrs (SD11), 75% asthmatics

Exp.

CAP~PM10 : 157 μg/m3 (SD41) with exercise;

2 h

Lag0, 4, 22 hc

-

Gong et al., 2004b

Aged 54-85 yrs, 68% COPD

Exp.

CAP~PM2.5 : 167 (SD27) μg/m3; with exercise;

2 h

Lag0, 4, 22 h

-

Peretz et al., 2008

Aged 24-48 yrs

Exp.

Diesel PM: 100 and 200 μg/m3 for 2 h;

2 h

Lag0, 1, 4, 20 h

-

Routledge et al., 2006

Aged 52-75 yrs, 50% CVD

Exp.

C UFP: 50 μg/m3;

1 h

Lag0 and 4 h

↑

Scharrer et al., 2007

Mean age 29 yrs (SD8)

Exp.

Welding fume PM 50th: 3500 μg/m3 (1000-25300);

1 h

Lag 5 h

-

  1. a Numbers are rounded to the nearest integer for simplification; b Exposure durations longer than 6 h also studied;
  2. Abbreviations: BC: Black carbon; C: Carbon; CAP: Concentrated ambient particles; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; Dur.: Duration of exposure; Epi.: Epidemiological; Exp.: Experimental; hrly: Hourly; HT: Hypertensive; OC Organic carbon; PM: Fine particles; SD: Standard deviation; SDNN: Standard deviation of all the normal-to-normal intervals; UFP: Ultrafine particles -: No significant statistical association;