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Table 4 Evidence of association between sub-daily exposure to PM and coagulationa

From: Cardiovascular effects of sub-daily levels of ambient fine particles: a systematic review

Authors

Subjects

Design

Exposure Levels

Dur.

Lags

PL

F

t-PA Agc

Rückerl et al., 2007

Aged 51-76 yrs, with CVD

Epi.

Fixed site PM2.5 daily mean: 20 μg/m3 (SD15); UFP nb, PM10 also measured;

6 hb

Lag0, 6, 12, 18 h

↓ with UFP lag 0 and 18 h

  

Carlsten et al., 2007

Mean age 25 yrs (21-43)

Exp.

Diesel PM: 100 and 200 μg/m3

2 h

Lag3, 6, 22 h

-

  

Frampton et al., 2004

Aged 18-40 yrs, 57% asthmatics

Exp.

UFP: 10 or 25 μg/m3; with exercise;

2 h

Lag0, 3.5, 15, 21, 45 h

-

-

 

Ghio et al., 2000

Mean age 26 yrs (SD1)

Exp.

CAP~PM2.5: 23-311 μg/m3; with exercise;

2 h

Lag18 h

-

↑

 

Gong et al., 2008

Aged 18-50 yrs, 45% asthmatics

Exp.

CAP~UFP: 100 μg/m3 (SD68); with exercise;

2 h

Lag0, 4, 22 h

-

-

-

Gong et al., 2004b

Aged 54-85 yrs, 68% COPD

Exp.

CAP~PM2.5 : 167 (SD27) μg/m3; with exercise;

2 h

Lag0, 4, 22 h

-

-

 

Gong et al., 2003

Aged 18-45 yrs, 50% asthmatics

Exp.

CAP~PM2.5 : 174 μg/m3 (SD37); with exercise;

2 h

Lag0, 4, 22 h

-

-

 

Lucking et al., 2008

Aged 21-44 yrs

Exp.

Diesel PM: 350 μg/m3;

2 h

Lag2 and 6 h

-

  

Mills et al., 2008

Mean age 54 yrs (SD2), 50% CVD

Exp.

CAP~PM2.5 : 190 μg/m3 (SD37); with exercise;

2 h

Lag2, 6, 8 h

↑ at lag2

 

-

Mills et al., 2007b

Mean age 60 yrs (SD1), with prior MI

Exp.

Diesel PM: 300 μg/m3; with exercise;

1 h

Lag6, 24 h

  

↓ at lag6

Mills et al., 2005

Aged 20-38 yrs

Exp.

Diesel PM: 300 μg/m3; with exercise;

1 h

Lag2, 6, 24 h

-

 

↓ at lag6

Routledge et al., 2006

Aged 52-75 yrs, 50% CVD

Exp.

C UFP: 50 μg/m3;

1 h

Lag4 and 24 h

-

-

 

Salvi et al. 1999

Aged 21-28 yrs

Exp.

Diesel PM: 300 μg/m3; with exercise;

1 h

Lag 6 h

↑

  

Scharrer et al., 2007

Mean age 29 yrs (SD8)

Exp.

Welding fume PM 50th: 3500 μg/m3 (1000-25300);

1 h

Lag 5 h

 

-

 

Törnqvist et al., 2007

Mean age 26 yrs (18-38)

Exp.

Diesel PM: 300 μg/m3; with exercise;

1 h

Lag 24 h

-

 

-

  1. a Numbers are rounded to the nearest integer for simplification; b Exposure durations longer than 6 h also studied; c Except in Gong et al., 2008, t-PA antigen was measured following infusion of vasodilators;
  2. Abbreviations: Ag: Antigen; C: Carbon; CAP: Concentrated Ambient Particles; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Dur.: Duration of exposure; Epi.: Epidemiological; Exp.: Experimental; F: Fibrinogen; MI: Myocardial infarction; PL: platelets; nb: number; PM: Particulate matter; SD: Standard deviation; t-PA Ag: tissue plasminogen activator antigen; UFP: Ultrafine particles; -: No significant statistical association;