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Table 3 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (and 95% CI) of reported symptoms (current or ever wheeze) and asthma diagnosis across increasing levels of cumulative exposure to PM or NOx emissions at all roads 50, 100 and 150 m from the residence

From: Residential exposure to motor vehicle emissions and the risk of wheezing among 7-8 year-old schoolchildren: a city-wide cross-sectional study in Nicosia, Cyprus

 

Unadjusted (N = 1675)

Adjusted1 (N = 1461)

Unadjusted (N = 1675)

Adjusted1 (N = 1460)

Unadjusted (N = 1671)

Adjusted1 (N = 1463)

  

Current wheezing

Ever having wheezed

Ever asthma

Cumulative PM at 50 m

> 50 m, None

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

< 50 m, Low

1.17 (0.80,1.73)

1.06 (0.66,1.70)

1.29 (0.89,1.88)

1.30 (0.83,2.04)

0.96 (0.56,1.66)

0.84 (0.45,1.57)

 

< 50 m, High2

1.97 (1.23,3.16)

2.33 (1.27,1.30)

1.32 (0.83,2.09)

1.66 (0.91,3.01)

1.78 (0.97,3.25)

2.51 (1.36,4.64)

Cumulative PM at 100 m

> 100 m, None

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

< 100, Low

1.00 (0.68,1.46)

1.08 (0.72,1.63)

1.16 (0.86,1.56)

1.24 (0.89,1.72)

0.97 (0.66,1.40)

0.85 (0.56,1.29)

 

< 100, High2

1.86 (1.17,2.97)

1.92 (1.06,3.46)

1.29 (0.85,1.95)

1.41 (0.94,2.38)

1.72 (1.02,2.90)

2.00 (1.11,3.51)

Cumulative PM at 150 m

> 150 m, None

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

< 150, Low

0.98 (0.64,1.50)

1.05 (0.66,1.67)

1.00 (0.72,1.38)

1.10 (0.74,1.62)

0.88 (0.58,1.33)

0.83 (0.52,1.32)

 

< 150, Medium

0.98 (0.61,1.57)

1.19 (0.71,1.97)

1.02 (0.67,1.57)

1.17 (0.74,1.82)

0.88 (0.52,1.47)

0.97 (0.57,1.62)

 

< 150, High2

1.58 (0.91,2.73)

1.60 (0.79,3.22)

1.58 (1.13,2.21)

1.51 (0.95,2.41)

1.29 (0.81,2.05)

1.31 (0.77,2.22)

 

P-value for trend

0.20

0.16

0.05

0.10

0.67

0.61

Cumulative NOx at 50 m

> 50 m, None

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

< 50 m, Low

1.12 (0.79,1.57)

1.08 (0.64,1.54)

1.17 (0.84,1.61)

1.24 (0.84,1.85)

1.02 (0.63,1.64)

0.96 (0.58,1.59)

 

< 50 m, High2

2.12 (1.26,3.58)

2.14 (1.05,4.35)

1.71 (1.07,2.73)

1.83 (0.94,3.57)

1.58 (0.86,2.87)

1.90 (0.94,3.82)

Cumulative NOx at 100 m

> 100 m, None

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

< 100, Low

1.01 (0.71,1.44)

1.11 (0.75,1.63)

1.10 (0.83,1.47)

1.19 (0.86,1.63)

0.96 (0.67,1.37)

0.85 (0.57,1.27)

 

< 100, High2

1.78 (1.06,2.96)

1.76 (0.93,3.30)

1.49 (0.98,2.26)

1.61 (0.95,2.71)

1.72 (0.96,3.09)

1.89 (1.00,3.57)

Cumulative NOx at 150 m

> 150 m, None

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

< 150, Low

1.01 (0.69,1.48)

1.14 (0.75,1.71)

1.01 (0.75,1.28)

1.14 (0.81,1.61)

0.89 (0.60,1.31)

0.89 (0.58,1.37)

 

< 150, Medium

0.90 (0.47,1.72)

1.12 (0.57,2.19)

0.99 (0.71,1.54)

1.09 (0.58,2.03)

0.76 (0.37,1.58)

0.84 (0.39,1.78)

 

< 150, High2

1.56 (0.97,2.52)

1.44 (0.75,2.74)

1.58 (0.96,1.69)

1.47 (1.01,2.15)

1.38 (0.83,2.27)

1.27 (0.72,2.26)

 

P-value for trend

0.20

0.25

0.04

0.12

0.59

0.71

  1. 1Adjusted for gender, smoking during pregnancy, co-morbidity and all other risk factors except birthweight, 2 Cut-off points for levels of exposure were defined based on the 50% (in the case of the medium category) and/or 75% (i.e. highest quartile for the high category) of the distribution of non-zero values.
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X