Skip to main content

Table 5 Adjusted odds ratios for breast cancer and cleaning product use stratified by disease causation beliefs

From: Self-reported chemicals exposure, beliefs about disease causation, and risk of breast cancer in the Cape Cod Breast Cancer and Environment Study: a case-control study

Beliefs about environmental chemicals/pollutants and breast cancer

 

Contributes "a lot"

Does not contribute "a lot"

Product category

Cases (no.)

Controls (no.)

Adj. OR

95% CI

P trend

Cases (no.)

Controls (no.)

Adj. OR

95% CI

P trend

Combined cleaning product use

   Quartile 1

39

55

1.0

Ref.

 

52

44

1.0

Ref.

 

   Quartile 2

58

69

1.4

0.8, 2.4

 

42

38

0.9

0.5, 1.8

 

   Quartile 3

71

74

1.6

0.9, 2.8

 

41

51

0.8

0.4, 1.4

 

   Quartile 4

77

47

3.2

1.8, 5.9

0.0001

27

23

1.2

0.6, 2.6

0.96

Combined air freshener use (sprays and solids)

   Quartile 1

34

43

1.0

Ref.

 

40

34

1.0

Ref.

 

   Quartile 2

67

71

1.3

0.7, 2.4

 

46

46

0.9

0.5, 1.7

 

   Quartile 3

76

86

1.3

0.7, 2.2

 

47

52

0.8

0.4, 1.6

 

   Quartile 4

69

46

2.4

1.3, 4.5

0.01

32

25

1.4

0.7, 3.0

0.53

Air freshener spray

   Never use

44

50

1.0

Ref.

 

46

45

1.0

Ref.

 

   Any use

203

196

1.3

0.8, 2.1

 

119

112

1.2

0.7, 2.0

 

   < Once a month

50

57

1.1

0.6, 2.0

 

33

31

1.1

0.6, 2.2

 

   Monthly

32

32

1.2

0.6, 2.3

 

15

9

1.9

0.7, 5.0

 

   Weekly

71

62

1.5

0.8, 2.6

 

43

48

1.0

0.6, 2.0

 

   Daily

50

45

1.4

0.8, 2.7

0.12

28

24

1.2

0.6, 2.6

0.66

Solid air freshener

   Never use

144

174

1.0

Ref.

 

115

114

1.0

Ref.

 

   Any use

102

72

1.9

1.3, 2.9

 

51

43

1.4

0.8, 2.3

 

   < 2/year

27

28

1.3

0.7, 2.3

 

23

13

1.9

0.9, 4.1

 

   2-6/year

58

32

2.6

1.6, 4.4

 

19

26

0.9

0.4, 1.8

 

   ≥ 7/year

17

12

1.7

0.8, 3.9

0.0007

9

4

2.8

0.8, 10.2

0.31

Oven cleaner

   Never use

11

19

1.0

Ref.

 

22

14

1.0

Ref.

 

   Any use

236

227

1.8

0.8, 4.0

 

143

143

0.6

0.3, 1.2

 

   < 2/year

96

86

2.0

0.9, 4.6

 

49

57

0.4

0.1, 1.3

 

   2-6/year

112

121

1.5

0.6, 34

 

87

75

0.7

0.3, 1.5

 

   ≥ 7/year

28

20

2.4

0.9, 6.5

0.58

7

11

0.4

0.1, 1.3

0.73

Surface cleaner

   Never use

29

36

1.0

Ref.

 

24

18

1.0

Ref.

 

   Any use

218

209

1.5

0.9,2.7

 

141

139

0.7

0.4,1.5

 

   < Once a month

23

30

0.9

0.4, 1.9

 

38

30

0.9

0.4, 2.0

 

   Monthly

39

36

1.5

0.7, 3.1

 

18

21

0.6

0.2, 1.4

 

   Weekly

120

103

1.7

1.0, 3.0

 

66

68

0.7

0.3, 1.5

 

   Daily

36

40

1.7

0.8, 3.6

0.02

19

20

0.8

0.3, 2.1

0.45

Mold/mildew control

   Never use

166

197

1.0

Ref.

 

130

125

1.0

Ref.

 

   Any use

80

49

2.1

1.4, 3.3

 

34

32

1.1

0.6, 2.0

 

Mold/mildew control with bleach

   Never use

179

202

1.0

Ref.

 

141

132

1.0

Ref.

 

   Any use

67

44

1.8

1.2, 2.9

 

23

24

1.0

0.5, 2.0

 

   < Once a month

33

25

1.4

0.8, 2.5

 

14

13

1.1

0.5, 2.4

 

   Monthly

10

7

1.8

0.6, 5.1

 

4

4

1.1

0.3, 4.7

 

   ≥ Weekly

24

12

3.2

1.4, 7.1

0.002

5

7

0.8

0.2, 2.7

0.83

  1. Odds ratios are adjusted for age at diagnosis/reference year, birth decade (six categories), previous breast cancer diagnosis, family history of breast cancer, age at first live or still birth (< 30, ≥ 30/nulliparous), education (five categories). "Combined cleaning product use" product category combines frequency of use across five product categories: air freshener spray, solid air freshener, oven cleaner, surface cleaner, and mold/mildew control with bleach.