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Table 4 Subgroup analysis: head loaders with/without report of spinal pain.

From: Domestic water carrying and its implications for health: a review and mixed methods pilot study in Limpopo Province, South Africa

 

Spinal pain

N

Mean (sd)

Std. error

Mean difference

(95% CI)

P value

Container weight (kg)

No

4

13.7 (8.5)

4.2

8.2 (-21.4-4.9)

0.146

 

Yes

15

22.0 (3.2)

.8

  

Distance (m) 1

No

5

470 (132)

59

173 (2-343)

0.048

 

Yes

15

297 (188)

49

  

Carrying time (min)

No

5

7 (1)

37.2

2.6 m (10sec-5 m)

0.038

 

Yes

15

5 (4)

58.7

  

TDCT (min) 2

No

4

22 (7)

3.5

7.1 (-5.5-19.8)

0.240

 

Yes

9

15 (14)

4.5

  

CW/BW%

No

4

40 (19)

9.3

2 (-29.6-25.7)

0.856

 

Yes

15

42 (15)

3.9

  

RPE

No

4

6.2 (4.3)

2.2

1.0 (-7.6-5.6)

0.681

 

Yes

15

7.3 (2.6)

0.2

  
  1. 1Distance is reported in meters as that from the water source to the home in one direction whilst carrying a filled water container; 2TDCT total daily carrying time: equals observed carrying time multiplied by reported usual daily frequency of water carrying; CW/BW%: container weight as a percentage of body weight; RPE: rating of perceived exertion measured with the Modified Borg Scale