Table 1 Participant Characteristics by Water Source Group

Age at enrollment

29.4 ± 5.3

29.9 ± 5.4

28.6 ± 5.2

0.03

Age groups

0.04

   <20

19 (5%)

11 (5%)

8 (6%)

   21-29

172 (48%)

99 (44%)

73 (55%)

   30-35

125 (35%)

86 (38%)

39 (29%)

   >35

41 (12%)

28 (13%)

13 (10%)

Highest education group

0.67

   <High School

15 (4%)

9 (4%)

6 (5%)

   ≥High School

303 (85%)

196 (88%)

107 (80%)

   Refused/missing

39 (11%)

19 (8%)

20 (15%)

Race

0.001

   White

307 (86%)

203 (91%)

104 (78%)

   Other

11 (3%) 2 (1%) 9 (7%)

   Refused/missing

39 (11%) 19 (8%) 20 (15%)

Ethnicity

0.03

   Non-Hispanic

310 (87%)

203 (91%)

107 (80%)

   Hispanic

8 (2%)

2 (1%)

6 (5%)

   Refused/missing

39 (11%)

19 (8%)

20 (15%)

Tobacco use at enrollment

0.47

   Never

216 (60%)

133 (59%)

83 (62%)

   Previously

92 (26%)

58 (26%)

34 (26%)

   Present

49 (14%)

33 (15%)

16 (12%)

Alcohol use during pregnancy

0.03

   Yes

32 (9%)

18 (8%)

14 (11%)

   No

292 (82%)

192 (86%)

100 (75%)

   Missing/refused

33 (9%)

14 (6%)

19 (14%)

Weeks gestation at enrollment

0.19

   <8 weeks

41 (12%)

21 (9%)

20 (15%)

   8-10 weeks

57 (16%)

34 (15%)

23 (17%)

   11-13 weeks

259 (72%)

169 (76%)

90 (68%)

Mean gestational age (weeks)

10.3 ± 1.6

10.4 ± 1.5

10.0 ± 1.6

0.06

   Parity

0.004

   0

92 (26%)

48 (22%)

44 (33%)

   ≥1

226 (63%)

157 (70%)

69 (52%)

   Refused/missing

39 (11%)

19 (8%)

20 (15%)

Vitamin use at enrollment

0.21

   Yes

306 (86%)

196 (87%)

110 (83%)

   No

51 (14%)

28 (13%)

23 (17%)

Gravidity

0.01

   0

92 (26%)

48 (21%)

44 (33%)

   1

84 (23%)

56 (25%)

28 (21%)

   2

78 (22%)

61 (27%)

17 (13%)

   ≥3

74 (21%)

47 (21%)

27 (20%)

   Refused/missing

29 (8%)

12 (5%)

17 (13%)

Medication use ^b

0.85

   Yes

233 (65%)

147 (66%)

86 (65%)

   No

124 (35%)

77 (34%)

47 (35%)

Weight at enrollment ^a,c,d

165.7 ± 40.7

161.8 ± 37.4

172.6 ± 45.3

0.03

Weight gain during pregnancy ^a,c,d

28.7 ± 11.8

28.8 ± 11.3

28.6 ± 12.4

0.76