Table 2 Participants Water use Practices among Pregnant Women with data at Enrollment and 36 Weeks Gestation by Water Source Group (n = 304)
From: Nitrates in drinking water and methemoglobin levels in pregnancy: a longitudinal study
Characteristics | Enrollment | 36 weeks follow-up | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Private Systems (n = 199) | Public System (n = 105) | p-value a | Private systems (n = 199) | Public System (n = 105) | p-valuea |
Water treatment | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â | Â | 0.004 |
   Yes | 132 (66%) | 48 (46%) |  | 153 (77%) | 64 (61%) |  |
   No | 67 (34%) | 57 (54%) |  | 46 (23%) | 41 (39%) |  |
Treatment remove nitrate b | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â | Â | 0.02 |
   Yes | 36 (27%) | 6 (13%) |  | 36 (24%) | 6 (9%) |  |
   No | 96 (73%) | 42 (87%) |  | 117 (76%) | 58 (91%) |  |
Types of water treatment c | Â | Â | <0.0001 | Â | Â | 0.006 |
   Faucet filter | 83 (31%) | 36 (41%) |  | 85 (29%) | 39 (39%) |  |
   Reverse osmosis or distillation | 36 (13%) | 6 (7%) |  | 36 (12%) | 6 (6%) |  |
   Water softener | 123 (46%) | 44 (51%) |  | 143 (49%) | 56 (55%) |  |
   Iron removal | 22 (8%) | 1 (1%) |  | 23 (8%) |  |  |
   Chemicals (chlorine) | 4 (2%) |  |  | 4 (2%) |  |  |
Water drink/cook at home | Â | Â | 0.16 | Â | Â | 0.07 |
   Tap water | 136 (68%) | 73 (70%) |  | 138 (69%) | 76 (72%) |  |
   Bottled water | 60 (30%) | 32 (30%) |  | 58 (29%) | 29 (28%) |  |
   Both | 3 (2%) |  |  | 3 (2%) |  |  |
Water drink away from homea,d | Â | Â | 0.004 | Â | Â | 0.016 |
   Tap water | 61 (31%) | 30 (29%) |  | 62 (31%) | 22 (21%) |  |
   Bottled water | 117 (59%) | 72 (68%) |  | 109 (55%) | 75 (71%) |  |
   Tap water from home | 21 (10%) | 3 (3%) |  | 28 (14%) | 8 (8%) |  |
Glasses of water/day Mean ± SD | 5.5 ± 4.1 | 5.8 ± 4.0 | 0.58 | 6.7 ± 4.5 | 6.5 ± 4.3 | 0.79 |