| |
1998 (n = 61 couples)
|
2006 (n = 250 male farmers)
|
|---|
| |
Husbands
|
Wives
| | |
|---|
|
Characteristics
|
No.
|
(%)
|
No.
|
(%)
|
No.
|
(%)
|
|---|
|
Years working in agriculture
| | | | | | |
|
0-14
|
14
|
(23.0)
|
32
|
(53.0)
|
40
|
(16.0)
|
|
15-29
|
19
|
(31.0)
|
20
|
(33.0)
|
96
|
(38.4)
|
|
>29
|
28
|
(46.0)
|
9
|
(15.0)
|
114
|
(45.6)
|
|
Mean (SD)
|
26
|
(13.0)
|
16
|
(11.3)
|
29
|
(14.0)
|
|
Farming tasks
| | | | | | |
|
Farming/cultivating
|
58
|
(95.1)
|
33
|
(54.0)
|
250
|
(100.0)
|
|
Pruning
|
60
|
(98.0)
|
16
|
(26.0)
|
247
|
(98.8)
|
|
Applying pesticides
|
61
|
(100.0)
|
51
|
(84.0)
|
247
|
(98.8)
|
|
Harvesting
|
61
|
(100.0)
|
56
|
(92.0)
|
250
|
(100.0)
|
|
Irrigating
|
35
|
(57.4)
|
25
|
(41.0)
|
247
|
(98.8)
|
|
Types of crops grown in the farm
| | | | | | |
|
Grapes
|
60
|
(98.0)
| | |
250
|
(100.0)
|
|
Plums
|
57
|
(94.0)
| | |
209
|
(84.0)
|
|
Apples
|
19
|
(21.0)
| | |
47
|
(19.0)
|
|
Vegetables
|
27
|
(44.0)
| | |
198
|
(79.0)
|
|
Others
|
18
|
(31.0)
| | |
119
|
(48.0)
|
|
Years using pesticides
| | | | | | |
|
1-10
|
11
|
(18.0)
| | |
53
|
(21.2)
|
|
11-20
|
19
|
(31.0)
| | |
110
|
(44.0)
|
|
>20
|
31
|
(51.0)
| | |
87
|
(35.0)
|
|
Mean (SD)
|
24
|
(12.0)
| | |
21
|
(11.0)
|
|
Total pesticide units applied annually
| | | | | | |
|
≤ 40 units
|
26
|
(42.6)
| | |
239
|
(95.6)
|
|
>40 units
|
35
|
(57.4)
| | |
11
|
(4.4)
|
|
Mean (SD)
|
20.7
|
(20.8)
| | |
14.2
|
(20.1)
|
|
Number of annual pesticide applications
| | | | | | |
|
≤ 8 times
|
51
|
(83.6)
| | |
214
|
(85.6)
|
|
>8 times
|
10
|
(16.4)
| | |
36
|
(14.4)
|
|
Total hours in applying pesticides/year
a
| | | | | | |
|
1-40 hours
|
20
|
(33.0)
| | |
99
|
(39.6)
|
|
41-80 hours
|
25
|
(41.0)
| | |
66
|
(26.4)
|
|
>80 hours
|
16
|
(26.0)
| | |
85
|
(34.0)
|
|
Mean (SD)
|
66
|
(39.0)
| | |
89
|
(103.0)
|
|
Application equipment
| | | | | | |
|
Backpack sprayer
|
3
|
(5.0)
| | |
5
|
(2.0)
|
|
Open tractor
|
58
|
(95.0)
| | |
245
|
(98.0)
|
-
aThe average working hours in applying pesticides was 8-72 hours/year for 93.5% of 1998 farmers' wives.
