Rapidly measured indicators of recreational water quality and swimming-associated illness at marine beaches: a prospective cohort study

Wade, Timothy J; Sams, Elizabeth; Brenner, Kristen P; Haugland, Richard; Chern, Eunice; Beach, Michael; Wymer, Larry; Rankin, Clifford C; Love, David; Li, Quanlin; Noble, Rachel; Dufour, Alfred P

doi:10.1186/1476-069X-9-66

Environmental Health

Table 3 Illness among non-swimmers and swimmers by quintiles of daily average indicator exposures

From: Rapidly measured indicators of recreational water quality and swimming-associated illness at marine beaches: a prospective cohort study

	GI		Diarrhea		URI		Rash		Earache		Eye
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Enterococcus ${CCE}_{Δ Δ}^{1}$
Non-swimmer	159	5.86	100	3.69	109	4.07	68	2.49	35	1.26	86	3.07
56.8,125	31	5.21	22	3.70	33	5.60	29	4.82	12	1.96	23	3.75
125,170	30	6.90	20	4.60	17	3.90	15	3.45	6	1.36	8	1.79
170,268	44	8.22	21	3.93	31	5.88	18	3.30	13	2.35	12	2.17
268,396	50	10.35	28	5.81	26	5.42	18	3.68	7	1.41	15	2.99
396,1.42e+03	52	10.26	45	8.88	36	7.45	20	3.97	9	1.78	14	2.73
Bacteroidales ${CCE}_{Δ Δ}^{1}$
Non-swimmer	159	5.86	100	3.69	109	4.07	68	2.49	35	1.26	86	3.07
66.5,542	22	4.32	17	3.34	33	6.57	28	5.35	12	2.27	18	3.41
542,1.43e+03	36	6.53	24	4.36	23	4.23	20	3.59	10	1.77	11	1.93
1.43e+03,1.97e+03	33	7.55	16	3.66	22	5.09	11	2.51	6	1.35	10	2.24
1.97e+03,3.53e+03	55	10.34	37	6.97	38	7.18	17	3.20	12	2.24	14	2.56
3.53e+03,1.28e+04	61	11.60	42	7.98	27	5.31	24	4.56	7	1.32	19	3.54
Enterococcus CFU²
Non-swimmer	159	5.86	100	3.69	109	4.07	68	2.49	35	1.26	86	3.07
0.606,2.32	43	7.39	27	4.64	29	5.06	26	4.48	15	2.51	17	2.82
2.32,4.29	29	6.92	19	4.55	20	4.78	15	3.55	9	2.12	8	1.86
4.29,10.2	35	7.64	23	5.02	23	5.13	22	4.73	5	1.06	15	3.16
10.2,22.9	46	7.36	30	4.80	36	5.85	21	3.32	7	1.10	15	2.33
22.9,230	54	11.46	37	7.86	35	7.59	16	3.36	11	2.32	17	3.56
Fecal Bacteroides ${CCE}_{Δ Δ}^{1}$
Non-swimmer	159	5.86	100	3.69	109	4.07	68	2.49	35	1.26	86	3.07
26.2,69	22	5.63	14	3.58	18	4.68	12	3.01	8	1.98	8	1.99
69,224	25	6.11	16	3.91	31	7.64	20	4.82	6	1.44	15	3.57
224,802	33	9.97	22	6.65	20	6.08	15	4.45	5	1.46	5	1.45
802,2.06e+03	30	8.26	22	6.06	24	6.63	10	2.73	9	2.44	15	4.02
2.06e+03,6.08e+03	28	8.07	18	5.19	13	3.88	11	3.20	8	2.29	11	3.12
Clostridium ${CCE}_{Δ Δ}^{1}$
Non-swimmer	159	5.86	100	3.69	109	4.07	68	2.49	35	1.26	86	3.07
157,503	22	5.47	16	3.98	25	6.27	21	5.11	8	1.92	13	3.10
503,890	24	6.90	17	4.89	15	4.36	14	4.00	2	0.57	13	3.68
890,1.45e+03	29	6.94	18	4.31	23	5.50	14	3.29	14	3.25	12	2.76
1.45e+03,1.79e+03	33	9.73	26	7.67	19	5.81	11	3.27	6	1.76	8	2.34
1.79e+03,3.51e+03	30	8.98	15	4.49	24	7.29	8	2.37	6	1.76	8	2.33

1: Calibrator Cell Equivalents per 100 ml calculated by delta delta-CT (CCE_ΔΔ)
2: Colony Forming Units per 100 ml
GI: gastrointestinal illness, URI: Upper respiratory illness

Back to article page

ISSN: 1476-069X

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com