Rapidly measured indicators of recreational water quality and swimming-associated illness at marine beaches: a prospective cohort study

Timothy J Wade; Elizabeth Sams; Kristen P Brenner; Richard Haugland; Eunice Chern; Michael Beach; Larry Wymer; Clifford C Rankin; David Love; Quanlin Li; Rachel Noble; Alfred P Dufour

doi:10.1186/1476-069X-9-66

Environmental Health

Table 4 Adjusted Odds Ratios for illness risk among swimmers for a 1 log₁₀ increase in indicator density¹

From: Rapidly measured indicators of recreational water quality and swimming-associated illness at marine beaches: a prospective cohort study

	GI		Diarrhea		URI
	AOR	95% CI	AOR	95% CI	AOR	95% CI
Enterococcus CFU²
8:00 AM	1.20	0.91-1.59	1.33	0.92-1.91	1.04	0.73-1.46
11:00 AM	1.16	0.92-1.45	1.19	0.89-1.6	1.13	0.88-1.46
Daily	1.16	0.84-1.61	1.22	0.81-1.86	1.11	0.75-1.63
Enterococcus $CCE Δ 3$
8:00 AM	1.94	1-3.8	2.57	1.15-5.73	1.46	0.65-3.29
11:00 AM	2.08	1.18-3.67	2.54	1.29-4.99	1.62	0.86-3.04
Daily	2.67	1.34-5.34	3.57	1.57-8.13	1.83	0.76-4.39
Bacteroidales $CCE Δ 3$
8:00 AM	1.61	1.21-2.16	1.69	1.11-2.58	1.13	0.84-1.52
11:00 AM	1.43	1.02-1.99	1.40	0.92-2.14	0.93	0.67-1.29
Daily	1.67	1.16-2.39	1.68	1.08-2.61	0.96	0.66-1.38
Fecal Bacteroides $CCE Δ 3$
8:00 AM	1.30	0.99-1.69	1.34	0.94-1.91	1.12	0.81-1.54
11:00 AM	1.15	0.91-1.45	1.14	0.84-1.54	0.93	0.72-1.2
Daily	1.27	0.98-1.64	1.26	0.9-1.75	0.95	0.69-1.31
Clostridia sp. $CCE Δ 3$
8:00 AM	1.81	0.96-3.39	1.43	0.67-3.08	1.05	0.56-1.95
11:00 AM	1.32	0.68-2.56	1.46	0.6-3.55	0.93	0.54-1.61
Daily	1.87	0.75-4.67	1.68	0.56-5.05	1.24	0.49-3.16
Enterococcus $CCE Δ Δ 3$
8:00 AM	1.57	0.83-2.94	2.33	1.06-5.12	1.45	0.69-3.02
11:00 AM	2.11	1.27-3.52	2.97	1.63-5.42	1.57	0.79-3.11
Daily	2.56	1.29-5.11	4.42	1.96-9.94	1.88	0.79-4.5
Bacteroidales $CCE Δ Δ 3$
8:00 AM	1.71	1.23-2.36	1.87	1.16-3	1.13	0.82-1.55
11:00 AM	1.51	1.05-2.17	1.56	0.97-2.5	0.86	0.6-1.22
Daily	1.91	1.26-2.9	1.96	1.11-3.47	0.88	0.59-1.31
Fecal Bacteroides $CCE Δ Δ 3$
8:00 AM	1.29	0.96-1.74	1.38	0.92-2.07	1.15	0.83-1.61
11:00 AM	1.14	0.88-1.48	1.14	0.82-1.6	0.93	0.71-1.22
Daily	1.26	0.94-1.68	1.26	0.86-1.86	0.96	0.69-1.33
Clostridia sp. $CCE Δ Δ 3$
8:00 AM	1.94	1.16-3.23	1.62	0.86-3.07	0.99	0.56-1.74
11:00 AM	1.97	1.03-3.77	2.21	0.96-5.13	0.82	0.46-1.46
Daily	2.76	1.29-5.89	2.45	0.96-6.29	1.05	0.47-2.32

1: Exposure indices assigned for daily average of all samples, average of 8:00 AM samples and average of 11:00 AM samples
2: log₁₀ colony forming units per 100 ml
3: log₁₀ qPCR Calibrator Cell Equivalents per 100 ml
GI: gastrointestinal illness, URI: Upper respiratory illness, AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio, 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval

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