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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the mothers and newborns in nested case–control group a

From: A nested case-control study indicating heavy metal residues in meconium associate with maternal gestational diabetes mellitus risk

 

Case (n = 137)

Control (n = 190)

p b

Newborn birth weight (kg)

3.29 ± 0.38

3.23 ± 0.30

0.080

Maternal age (year)c

27.85 ± 3.87

26.34 ± 2.64

<0.001**

Maternal pre-pregnant BMI (kg/m2)d

21.89 ± 2.92

20.59 ± 2.27

<0.001**

Gestational age (week)

39.18 ± 0.80

39.55 ± 0.92

<0.001**

Newborn sex

Male

72 (52.55%)

93 (48.95%)

0.520

Female

65 (47.45%)

97 (51.05%)

Maternal gravidity

1

82 (59.85%)

134 (70.53%)

0.034*

2

29 (21.17%)

38 (20.00%)

≥3

26 (18.98%)

18 (9.47%)

Maternal parity

1

114 (83.21%)

174 (91.58%)

0.049*

2

22 (16.06%)

16 (8.42%)

≥3

1 (0.73%)

0 (0.00%)

Mode of delivery

Eutocia

92 (67.15%)

176 (92.63%)

<0.001**

C-section

39 (28.47%)

13 (6.84%)

Aid delivery

6 (4.38%)

1 (0.53%)

Maternal HBsAg

Positive

24 (17.65%)

0 (0.00%)

<0.001**

Negative

112 (82.35%)

190 (100.00%)

  1. aValues of newborn birth weight, maternal age, pre-pregnant BMI and gestational age are expressed as mean ± SD.
  2. bp values of maternal age, pre-pregnant BMI and gestational age were obtained by non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test, p values of newborn birth weight was obtained by independent sample t-test, while p values of maternal gravidity and parity, mode of delivery were obtained by Pearson Chi-square test, p values of HBsAg was obtained by Fisher’s exact test. * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01.
  3. cValues from 101 subjects in case group were available.
  4. dValues from 103 subjects in case group were available.