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Table 4 Comparison of selected heavy metal levels in meconium (median, ng/g) with the published studies

From: A nested case-control study indicating heavy metal residues in meconium associate with maternal gestational diabetes mellitus risk

Reference

Area

As

Hg

Pb

Cd

Cr

The present work (n = 327)a

Xiamen, China

42.82

30.08

137.60

7.09

34.95

Türker et al., 2013 (n = 291) [37]

West Anatolia, Turkey

-

-

30.84

2.48

-

Vall et al., 2012 (n = 37) [44]

Tenerife Island, Spain

5.60

-

-

-

-

Gundacker et al., 2010 (n = 36) [38]

Vienna, Austria

-

4.00

15.50

-

-

Li et al., 2008 (n = 100) (mean) [34]

Guiyu, China

-

-

2.50 × 103

-

-

Unuvar et al., 2007 (n = 143) (mean) [35]

Istanbul, Turkey

-

9.45 × 103

-

-

-

Türker et al., 2006 (n = 117) [36]

Kocaeli, Turkey

-

-

4.65 × 104

2.30 × 103

-

Ostrea Jr. et al., 2002 (n = 426) (ppm) [14]

Manila, Philippines

0.00

3.17 × 10−3

35.77

13.37

-

Ramirez et al., 2000 (n = 36) (mean, ppm) [45]

Tagum, Philippines

-

4.86 × 10−2

-

-

-

  1. aIn the present work, missing values of Pb were imputed by 1/2 LOD. Cd values were available from 224 samples and Cr values were available from 209 samples.