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Table 3 Prenatal and early childhood exposure to tetrachloroethylene and the risk of chronic health conditions

From: Long-term health effects of early life exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated drinking water: a retrospective cohort study

Health outcome

Exposure

% Yes (n/N)

Crude GEE

Adjusted GEE

 

Category/

 

Risk ratio

Risk ratio

 

Percentile

 

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

Cancer

Any

2.8 (23/828)

1.9 (0.9, 4.2)

1.8 (0.8, 4.0)

 

> = 50th

2.9 (12/415)

2.0 (0.8, 4.8)

1.7 (0.7, 4.5)

 

>0- < 50th

2.7 (11/413)

1.8 (0.7, 4.5)

1.9 (0.7, 4.8)

 

None

1.5 (8/545)

Reference

Reference

Diabetes

Any

1.2 (10/828)

0.9 (0.4, 2.5)

1.0 (0.4, 2.6)

 

> = 50th

1.2 (5/415)

0.9 (0.3, 2.9)

0.9 (0.3, 2.7)

 

>0- < 50th

1.2 (5/413)

0.9 (0.3, 2.9)

1.1 (0.3, 4.2)

 

None

1.3 (7/544)

Reference

Reference

Hypertension

Any

8.5 (70/824)

1.2 (0.8, 1.8)

1.2 (0.8, 1.8)

 

> = 50th

8.2 (34/414)

1.2(0.8, 1.8)

1.1 (0.7, 1.7)

 

>0- < 50th

8.8 (36/410)

1.3 (0.8, 1.9)

1.4 (0.9, 2.2)

 

None

7.0 (38/543)

Reference

Reference

Cardiovascular Disease

Any

0.6 (5/825)

0.4 (0.1, 1.2)

1.5 (0.6, 3.6)

 

> = 50th

0.5 (2/414)

-----

-----

 

>0- < 50th

0.7 (3/411)

-----

-----

 

None

1.5 (8/541)

Reference

Reference

Epilepsy

Any

1.9 (16/826)

1.5 (0.6, 3.6)

1.5 (0.6, 3.6)

 

> = 50th

2.2 (9/415)

1.7 (0.6, 4.5)

1.8 (0.7, 4.6)

 

>0- < 50th

1.7 (7/411)

1.3 (0.5, 3.7)

1.2 (0.4, 3.5)

 

None

1.3 (7/543)

Reference

Reference

Obesity

Any

24.7 (138/558)

0.9 (0.7, 1.2)

0.9 (0.7, 1.2)

 

> = 50th

26.0 (71/273)

1.0 (0.7, 1.3)

1.0 (0.7, 1.3)

 

>0- < 50th

23.5 (67/285)

0.9 (0.7-1.2)

0.9 (0.7, 1.2)

 

None

26.7 (92/344)

Reference

Reference

Color blindness

Any

1.4 (11/779)

0.6 (0.3, 1.3)

0.6 (0.3, 1.3)

 

> = 50th

1.0 (4/386)

-----

-----

 

>0- < 50th

1.8 (7/393)

0.7 (0.3, 1.8)

0.8 (0.3, 2.2)

 

None

2.5 (13/528)

Reference

Reference

Near sightedness

Any

22.1 (171/775)

1.0 (0.8, 1.2)

1.0 (0.8, 1.2)

 

> = 50th

21.6 (83/385)

1.0 (0.7, 1.2)

0.9 (0.7, 1.2)

 

>0- < 50th

22.6 (88/390)

1.0 (0.8, 1.3)

1.0 (0.8, 1.3)

 

None

22.6 (118/523)

Reference

Reference

Far sightedness

Any

55.6 (429/771)

1.0 (0.9, 1.1)

1.0 (0.9, 1.1)

 

> = 50th

56.4 (215/381)

1.0 (0.9, 1.1)

0.9 (0.8, 1.1)

 

>0- < 50th

54.9 (214/390)

0.9 (0.8, 1.1)

1.0 (0.9, 1.1)

 

None

58.3 (307/527)

Reference

Reference

Dry eyes

Any

8.4 (65/775)

1.2 (0.8, 1.8)

1.2 (0.8, 1.8)

 

> = 50th

8.8 (34/386)

1.3 (0.8, 2.0)

1.2 (0.8, 1.9)

 

>0- < 50th

8.0 (31/389)

1.1 (0.7, 1.8)

1.3 (0.8, 2.0)

 

None

7.0 (37/528)

Reference

Reference