Table 3 Adjusted associations between dust phthalate concentrations and the MSEL, and VABS scores (CHARGE study, n = 144^a)

Mullen (DQ scores)

Composite score

0.60

[−3.3; 4.5]

0.97

[−3.8; 5.7]

0.13

[−6.1; 6.4]

−2.20

[−6.1; 1.7]

0.30

[−6.2; 6.8]

Expressive language

0.22

[−4.3; 4.8]

1.44

[−4.2; 7.1]

−0.11

[−7.5; 7.3]

−2.90

[−7.5; 1.7]

−1.52

[−9.2; 6.1]

Fine motor

0.76

[−2.5; 4.0]

0.02

[−4.1; 4.1]

−2.60

[−8.0; 2.8]

−1.70

[−5.1; 1.7]

0.64

[−5.0; 6.2]

Receptive language

1.41

[−3.2; 6.0]

1.09

[−4.6; 6.8]

−0.37

[−7.8; 7.1]

−2.20

[−6.9; 2.5]

1.21

[−6.5; 8.9]

Visual reception

−0.01

[−4.8; 4.8]

1.34

[−4.6; 7.3]

3.61

[−4.2; 11]

−2.00

[−7.0; 3.0]

0.89

[−7.3; 9.0]

Vinland (standard scores)

Composite score

0.29

[−1.9; 2.5]

0.37

[−2.3; 3.0]

−0.22

[−3.7; 3.3]

−0.40

[−2.6; 1.8]

−2.00

[−5.6; 1.6]

Communication

−0.43

[−2.8; 1.9]

−0.20

[−3.1; 2.7]

−1.16

[−4.9; 2.6]

−0.53

[−2.9; 1.9]

−2.46

[−6.3; 1.4]

Daily living skills

1.75

[−0.5; 3.9]

1.53

[−1.3; 4.3]

0.74

[−3.0; 4.5]

0.41

[−1.9; 2.8]

0.01

[−3.8; 3.9]

Motor skills

0.14

[−3.0; 3.3]

2.08

[−1.9; 6.0]

−2.25

[−7.4; 2.9]

−1.34

[−4.6; 2.0]

−4.40

[−9.7; 0.9]

Socialization

0.18

[−2.4; 2.8]

−0.72

[−3.9; 2.5]

2.25

[−1.9; 6.4]

−0.63

[−3.3; 2.0]

−0.32

[−4.7; 4.0]

TD children (n = 68)

Mullen (DQ scores)

Composite score

0.83

[−2.2; 3.9]

−1.83

[−5.2; 1.5]

−0.38

[−4.0; 3.3]

0.96

[−1.5; 3.4]

1.78

[−2.3; 5.9]

Expressive language

−0.28

[−4.2; 3.6]

−2.17

[−6.8; 2.5]

0.00

[−5.0; 5.0]

0.13

[−3.3; 3.5]

0.71

[−4.9; 6.4]

Fine motor

1.90

[−1.3; 5.1]

1.06

[−2.5; 4.7]

1.01

[−2.9; 4.9]

1.05

[−1.6; 3.7]

3.48

[−0.8; 7.8]

Receptive language

0.63

[−3.4; 4.6]

−2.70

[−7.3; 1.8]

−0.64

[−5.6; 4.3]

0.98

[−2.4; 4.3]

1.41

[−4.2; 7.0]

Visual reception

1.04

[−3.4; 5.5]

−3.50

[−8.2; 1.2]

−1.90

[−7.0; 3.3]

1.67

[−1.8; 5.1]

1.52

[−4.3; 7.4]

Vinland (standard score)

Composite score

1.19

[−2.4; 4.8]

−4.45

[−8.2; −0.7]

−3.56

[−7.6; 0.5]

0.43

[−2.4; 3.3]

−0.08

[−4.8; 4.6]

Communication

0.39

[−2.7; 3.5]

−4.38

[−7.6; −1.2]

−3.77

[−7.3; −0.3]

−0.46

[−2.9; 2.0]

−1.29

[−5.4; 2.8]

Daily living skills

1.43

[−1.8; 4.6]

−3.29

[−6.8; 0.3]

−3.16

[−7.0; 0.7]

0.14

[−2.5; 2.8]

−1.37

[−5.8; 3.0]

Motor skills

1.56

[−1.8; 4.9]

−2.06

[−5.6; 1.5]

−1.71

[−5.6; 2.2]

0.58

[−2.0; 3.2]

1.36

[−3.0; 5.8]

Socialization

0.15

[−2.8; 3.1]

−2.90

[−6.0; 0.3]

−1.36

[−4.8; 2.1]

1.28

[−1.1; 3.6]

1.24

[−2.7; 5.2]