Participants without diabetes N = 3276 | Participants with incident diabetes N = 331 | |
---|---|---|
Variable | ||
Men, % | 47 | 56 |
Age [years], mean (SD) | 58.8 (7.6) | 60.5 (7.5) |
BMI [kg/m2], mean (SD) | 27.2 (4.2) | 29.8 (4.7) |
BMI > 25, % | 69 | 87 |
BMI > 30, % | 22 | 44 |
Hypertensiona, % | 50 | 66 |
Non-Smokers, % | 44 | 39 |
Smokers, % | 22 | 21 |
Ex-smokers, % | 34 | 40 |
Exercise >3 times per week, % | 26 | 22 |
% unemployment rate in neighbourhood mean (SD) | 12.4 (3.4) | 12.6 (3.4) |
Mülheim, % | 38 | 37 |
Essen, % | 34 | 33 |
Bochum, % | 29 | 31 |
Occupational status | ||
Employed, % | 45 | 34 |
Inactive, % | 15 | 13 |
Pensioner, % | 35 | 45 |
Unemployed, % | 6 | 8 |
Education b | ||
Highest, % | 13 | 6 |
High, % | 23 | 21 |
Middle, % | 55 | 63 |
Low, % | 10 | 10 |
PM10 total [μg/m3], mean (SD) | 20.8 (2.3) | 20.9 (2.4) |
PM2.5 total [μg/m3], mean (SD) | 16.7 (1.4) | 16.8 (1.5) |
PM10 traffic [μg/m3], mean (SD) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) |
PM2.5 traffic [μg/m3], mean (SD) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) |
Distance to major road [m], mean (SD) | 1021.4 (805.1) | 1034.6 (830.5) |