Table 1 Summary characteristics of studies included in the systematic review (n = 33 studies)
Study characteristics | n |
|---|---|
Year of publication | Â |
 2008 | 1 |
 2009 | 0 |
 2010 | 2 |
 2011 | 5 |
 2012 | 10 |
 2013 | 8 |
 2014 | 7 |
Geographical setting | Â |
 Asia | 10 |
 Europe | 3 |
 North America | 20 |
Design | Â |
 Cross-sectional | 28 |
 Prospective | 5 |
Age category | Â |
 Children | 8 |
 Adults | 25 |
Gender | Â |
 Mixed | 30 |
 Women only | 3 |
Sample size | Â |
 <500 | 5 |
 500–1000 | 4 |
 1001–2000 | 9 |
 2001–3000 | 6 |
 3001–4000 | 6 |
 4001–5000 | 3 |
Health outcomesa | Â |
 Diabetes | 9 |
 Prediabetes | 1 |
 Hyperglycemia | 2 |
 Overweight | 7 |
 Obesity | 7 |
 Elevated waist circumference | 5 |
 Cardiovascular disease | 6 |
 Hypertension | 3 |
Urinary sample | Â |
 Spot sample | 27 |
 First-morning-void sample | 3 |
 Second-morning void sample | 1 |
 12-h sample | 1 |
 24-h sample | 1 |