Table 4 Summary of results in studies used as primary data: cardiovascular disease and hypertension (n = 9 publications)

Casey & Neidell 2013 [37]

CHD: self-report of doctor diagnosis

BPA continuous (not log-transformed)

Per SD increase:

Age, sex, urinary creatinine concentration, race/ethnicity, income, smoking, body mass index, waist circumference, veteran/military status, citizenship status, marital status, household size, pregnancy status, language at subject interview, health insurance coverage, employment status in the prior week, consumption of bottled water in the past 24 h, consumption of alcohol, annual consumption of tuna fish, presence of emotional support in one’s life, being on a diet, using a water treatment device, access to a routine source of health care, vaccinated for Hepatitis A or B, consumption of dietary supplements (vitamins or minerals), inability to purchase balanced meals on a consistent basis + survey cycle for pooled analyses

2003/04: OR = 1.824 (1.288–2.583)

2005/06: OR = 1.267 (1.041–1.542)

2007/08: OR = 1.123 (0.854–1.476)

Pooled 2003/08: OR = 1.136 (1.014–1.273)

BPA continuous (log-transformed)

Per 10-fold increase:

2003/04: OR = 1.584 (1.066–2.354)

2005/06: OR = 1.178 (0.765–1.815)

2007/08: OR = 1.649 (1.025–2.654)

Pooled 2003/08: OR = 1.280 (0.993–1.649)

BPA in quartiles (ng/mL):

Q1: <1.2; Q2: 1.2–2.2; Q3: 2.3–4.2; Q4: >4.2

Pooled 2003/08:

Q2 vs. Q1: 0.520 (0.250–1.084)

Q3 vs. Q1: 1.006 (0.508–1.994)

Q4 vs. Q1: 1.520 (0.774–2.987)

Lakind et al. 2012 [33]

CHD: self-report of doctor diagnosis

Heart attack: self-report of doctor diagnosis

BPA continuous

CHD, per unit increase:

Age, gender, ethnicity, education, income, smoking, heavy drinking, BMI, waist circumference, energy intake, family history of heart attack, hypertension, sedentary activity, total cholesterol, urinary creatinine.

Pooled 2003/10 models were further adjusted for survey cycle, but were not adjusted for energy intake and sedentary activity.

2003/04: OR = 1.03 (0.978–1.09)

2005/06: OR = 1.02 (0.996–1.04)

2007/08: OR = 0.996 (0.951–1.04)

2009/10: OR = 1.00 (0.998–1.01)

Pooled 2003/10: OR = 1.004 (0.998–1.009)

Heart attack, per unit increase:

2003/04: OR = 1.04 (0.996–1.09)

2005/06: OR = 1.02 (0.996–1.04)

2007/08: OR = 0.987 (0.941–1.04)

2009/10: OR = 1.00 (0.999–1.01)

Pooled 2003/10: OR = 1.002 (0.998–1.007)

Lang et al. 2008 [39]

Heart attack, angina, CHD, CVD (any diagnoses of MI, angina or CHD), stroke; all self-reported doctor diagnoses

BPA continuous

Per SD increase:

Age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, income, BMI, WC, smoking status, urinary creatinine

Heart attack: OR = 1.40 (1.11–1.78),

Angina: OR = 1.28 (1.09–1.50)

CHD: OR = 1.63 (1.18–2.26)

CVD: OR = 1.39 (1.18–1.63)

Stroke: OR = 0.97 (0.74–1.27)

Melzer et al. 2010 [40]

MI, angina, CHD, CVD (any diagnoses of MI, angina or CHD); all self-reported doctor diagnoses

BPA continuous

MI, per SD increase:

Age, gender, ethnicity, education, income, BMI, WC, smoking status, urinary creatinine

2003/04: OR = 1.40 (1.07–1.84)

2005/06: OR = 1.39 (1.00–1.94)

Pooled 2003/06: OR = 1.32 (1.15–1.52)

Angina, per SD increase:

2003/04: OR = 1.27 (1.06–1.54)

2005/06: OR = 1.16 (0.88–1.53)

Pooled 2003/06: OR = 1.24 (1.07-1.43)

CHD, per SD increase:

2003/04: OR = 1.60 (1.11–2.32)

2005/06: OR = 1.33 (1.01–1.75)

Pooled 2003/06: OR = 1.42 (1.17–1.72)

CVD, per SD increase:

2003/04: OR = 1.34 (1.10–1.66)

2005/06: OR = 1.18 (0.88–1.59)

Pooled 2003/06: OR = 1.26 (1.11–1.44)

Melzer et al. 2012b [59]

CAD: no, intermediate, severe (assessed by angiography)

BPA continuous

Per SD increase:

Age, sex, BMI category, occupational social class, diabetes status

Intermediate vs. no CAD: OR = 1.69 (0.98–2.94)

Severe vs. no CAD: OR = 1.43 (1.03–1.98)

Melzer et al. 2012a [60]

Incident CAD during follow-up: recorded hospital admission and/or died with CAD as underlying cause

BPA continuous

Per SD increase:

Age, sex, urinary creatinine, education level, occupational group, BMI, cigarette smoking, average of the 2 systolic BP readings, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, TG, level of physical activity

OR = 1.11 (1.00–1.23)

Bae et al. 2012 [54]

Hypertension: systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg

Ratio of BPA-to-creatinine in quartiles (μg/g creatinine):

Q1: <0.37; Q2: 0.37–0.73; Q3: 0.73–1.33; Q4: >1.33

All participants:

Age, sex, height, weight, date of examination, mean fasting blood glucose, smoking status, current consumption of alcohol

Q2 vs. Q1: OR = 1.21 (0.80–1.84)

Q3 vs. Q1: OR = 1.16 (0.78–1.72)

Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 1.27 (0.85–1.88)

Stratification by gender: non-significant results in males and females.

Significant associations in participants without previous history of hypertension

Q2 vs. Q1: OR = 2.23 (1.21–4.12)

Q3 vs. Q1: OR = 1.79 (1.01–3.17)

Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 2.35 (1.33–4.17)

Shankar & Teppala 2012 [43]

Hypertension: current blood-pressure-reducing medication use and/or systolic BP >140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP >90 mm Hg

BPA continuous (log-transformed)

OR = 1.11 (1.01–1.22)

Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education categories, smoking, alcohol intake, BMI, diabetes, total cholesterol

BPA in tertiles (ng/mL):

T1: <1.5; T2: 1.5–4.0; T3: >4.0

T2 vs. T1: OR = 1.11 (0.71–1.74)

T3 vs. T1: OR = 1.50 (1.12–2.00)

p for trend = 0.007

Shiue et al. 2014 [45]

High BP: systolic BP ≥140 mmHg and diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg

BPA continuous (log-transformed)

Adjusted model: OR = 1.14 (1.00–1.30)

Urinary creatinine, age at examination, sex, ethnicity, BMI

Weighted model (additionally adjusted for subsample weighting): OR = 1.12 (0.93–1.35)