Skip to main content

Table 2 Distribution of characteristics for participants and crude associations with hypertension status by enrollment period (N = 11218)

From: A cross-sectional analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and diesel particulate matter exposures and hypertension among individuals of Mexican origin

Characteristic

2001–2003

2004–2006

Hypertension

OR

95 CI

Hypertension

OR

95 CI

No

Yes

No

Yes

Gender**

 Men

1237

156

Ref

Ref

943

207

Ref

Ref

 Women

3053

489

1.32*

1.07 - 1.62

4294

839

0.9

0.74 - 1.09

Age

 18–34

2021

31

Ref

Ref

2445

97

Ref

Ref

 35–54

1680

240

9.60*

6.52 - 14.14

2142

419

5.42*

4.20 - 6.99

 55–74

589

374

45.39*

29.78 - 69.17

650

530

26.37*

18.87 - 36.86

Level of education**

 Middle School or less

1523

371

2.78*

2.12 - 3.64

1780

574

2.77*

2.13 - 3.60

 Some High School/High School Graduate/GED

1743

172

1.00

0.76 - 1.33

2571

349

0.97

0.75 - 1.25

 More than High School

1024

102

Ref

Ref

882

122

Ref

Ref

 Missing

0

0

NA

NA

4

1

NA

NA

Currently employed**

 No

233

24

0.64

0.41 - 1.00

2282

496

1.20*

1.02 - 1.42

 Yes

3097

493

Ref

Ref

2563

475

Ref

Ref

 Missing

960

128

NA

NA

392

75

NA

NA

Years living at baseline address**

 <1

668

54

Ref

Ref

1009

108

Ref

Ref

 1–5

1718

146

1.07

0.75 - 1.52

2249

326

1.39*

1.07 - 1.81

 >5

1902

445

3.23*

2.32 - 4.49

1979

612

3.32*

2.56 - 4.31

 Missing

2

0

NA

NA

0

0

NA

NA

High cholesterol diagnosis**

 Yes

273

171

6.41*

4.86 -8.43

528

364

6.88*

5.35 - 8.86

 No

4017

474

Ref

Ref

4709

682

Ref

Ref

Heart attack diagnosis**

 Yes

15

12

5.92*

2.41 - 14.53

19

36

14.72*

7.15 - 30.31

 No

4275

633

Ref

Ref

5218

1010

Ref

Ref

Diabetes diagnosis**

 Yes

365

241

6.89*

5.49 - 8.66

470

385

7.74*

6.09 - 9.84

 No

3925

404

Ref

Ref

4767

661

Ref

Ref

Smoking status**

 Current

630

75

0.82

0.62 - 1.09

637

115

0.94

0.73 - 1.21

 Former

565

155

2.03*

1.61 - 2.57

667

194

1.57*

1.27 - 1.94

 Never

2916

415

Ref

Ref

3897

737

Ref

Ref

 Missing

179

0

NA

NA

36

0

NA

NA

Alcohol use**

 Current

1157

113

0.58

0.46 - 0.74

1204

182

0.71

0.57 - 0.87

 Former

431

129

1.97*

1.53 - 2.54

430

164

2.16*

1.68 - 2.77

 Never

2524

403

Ref

Ref

3487

698

Ref

Ref

 Missing

178

0

NA

NA

116

2

NA

NA

Physical activity level**

 Active

1160

110

Ref

Ref

1209

176

Ref

Ref

 Not active

3099

530

1.91*

1.50 - 2.41

4002

864

1.58*

1.29 - 1.94

 Missing

31

5

NA

NA

26

6

NA

NA

BMI (kg/m2)**

 Underweight/Normal (<24.9)

1020

82

Ref

Ref

1180

102

Ref

Ref

 Overweight (25.0–29.9)

1559

187

1.55*

1.16 - 2.09

1798

331

2.40*

1.83 - 3.16

 Obese I-III (≥30.0)

1674

375

3.13*

2.36 - 4.15

2115

588

3.96*

3.02 - 5.20

 Missing

37

1

NA

NA

144

25

NA

NA

Degree of acculturation

 High level of acculturation (BAS > 2.50)

1583

219

0.83

0.68 - 1.01

1903

377

0.95

0.80 - 1.12

 Low level of acculturation (BAS ≤ 2.50)

2699

426

Ref

Ref

3317

665

Ref

Ref

 Missing

8

0

NA

NA

17

4

NA

NA

No. of years living in the U.S.**

 ≤9

1207

63

Ref

Ref

1613

158

Ref

Ref

 10–14

614

42

1.34

0.88 - 2.03

845

96

1.18

0.88 - 1.59

 ≥15

2469

540

4.54*

3.39 - 6.08

2778

792

3.34*

2.68 - 4.15

 Missing

0

0

NA

NA

1

0

NA

NA

Nativity**

 U.S. born

1288

255

1.52*

1.26 - 1.84

1347

368

1.66*

1.39 - 1.97

 Mexico born

3001

390

Ref

Ref

3874

676

Ref

Ref

 Other

1

0

NA

NA

16

2

NA

NA

  1. Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio, NA not applicable
  2. *p < 0.05 for associations between covariates and hypertension status (crude odds ratio)
  3. **p < 0.05 for associations between covariates and enrollment period (chi-squared analysis)