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Table 3 Adjusted OR with 95 % CI for ASD associated with quartiles of exposure during pregnancy: interviewed cases (n = 217) and controls (n = 224) vs cases (n = 215) and birth certificate (BC) controls (n = 4856)a

From: Air toxics and the risk of autism spectrum disorder: the results of a population based case–control study in southwestern Pennsylvania

Pollutant

Quartile (compared to 1)

Interviewed Control Adjusted

BC Control Adjusted

 

OR

Lower 95 % CI

Upper 95 % CI

p-value

OR

Lower 95 % CI

Upper 95 % CI

p-value

Metals

         

 Arsenic

2

1.23

0.69

2.20

0.477

1.36

0.89

2.07

0.154

3

1.47

0.83

2.59

0.183

1.38

0.92

2.07

0.116

4

1.28

0.71

2.28

0.415

1.33

0.87

2.02

0.183

 Cadmium

2

1.07

0.61

1.86

0.817

1.17

0.79

1.73

0.443

3

0.93

0.53

1.63

0.799

1.01

0.68

1.49

0.967

4

0.93

0.53

1.64

0.804

1.15

0.78

1.70

0.466

 Chromium

2

1.14

0.64

2.03

0.664

1.29

0.84

1.96

0.240

3

1.14

0.64

2.03

0.651

1.28

0.85

1.95

0.240

4

1.52

0.87

2.66

0.139

1.60

1.08

2.38

0.020

 Mercury

2

0.64

0.36

1.11

0.112

0.79

0.54

1.17

0.250

3

1.01

0.59

1.71

0.986

1.06

0.74

1.51

0.744

4

0.60

0.34

1.06

0.079

0.75

0.51

1.13

0.169

 Manganese

2

0.77

0.44

1.36

0.370

0.94

0.64

1.40

0.770

3

0.75

0.43

1.32

0.321

0.92

0.62

1.36

0.665

4

1.10

0.64

1.90

0.733

1.22

0.84

1.76

0.295

 Nickel

2

0.87

0.51

1.50

0.622

1.08

0.74

1.56

0.700

3

0.49

0.27

0.89

0.018

0.87

0.57

1.32

0.516

4

0.76

0.44

1.31

0.317

0.93

0.65

1.35

0.718

 Lead

2

1.33

0.77

2.32

0.311

1.41

0.96

2.08

0.080

3

0.82

0.45

1.49

0.515

1.54

1.00

2.38

0.049

4

1.10

0.63

1.94

0.734

1.33

0.90

1.97

0.158

 Selenium

2

0.72

0.42

1.25

0.247

0.97

0.66

1.43

0.880

3

0.93

0.54

1.58

0.776

1.21

0.85

1.74

0.292

4

0.59

0.33

1.05

0.071

0.80

0.53

1.20

0.285

Aromatic Solvents

         

 Benzene

2

0.98

0.55

1.73

0.938

1.10

0.73

1.66

0.651

3

1.12

0.64

1.95

0.690

1.46

0.98

2.18

0.059

4

1.08

0.62

1.90

0.786

1.21

0.81

1.81

0.346

 Ethyl benzene

2

0.92

0.52

1.62

0.763

1.15

0.76

1.74

0.498

3

1.04

0.60

1.81

0.891

1.38

0.92

2.05

0.116

4

1.16

0.66

2.03

0.609

1.23

0.84

1.82

0.291

 Styrene

2

1.29

0.72

2.31

0.396

1.74

1.15

2.65

0.009

3

1.09

0.60

1.98

0.784

1.11

0.71

1.75

0.648

4

2.04

1.17

3.58

0.013

1.61

1.08

2.40

0.018

 Toluene

2

0.97

0.55

1.70

0.914

1.26

0.84

1.90

0.262

3

1.02

0.58

1.77

0.955

1.54

1.03

2.28

0.033

4

0.98

0.55

1.72

0.930

1.20

0.80

1.79

0.376

 Xylenes

2

0.76

0.42

1.36

0.352

1.12

0.73

1.73

0.593

3

1.25

0.72

2.15

0.427

1.35

0.92

1.98

0.121

4

1.04

0.59

1.83

0.895

1.23

0.83

1.83

0.310

Chlorinated Solvents

         

 Methylene chloride

2

1.02

0.58

1.78

0.958

1.13

0.75

1.71

0.548

3

0.80

0.45

1.42

0.446

1.15

0.77

1.72

0.497

4

1.07

0.61

1.85

0.822

1.41

0.96

2.07

0.082

 Trichloroethane

2

1.25

0.71

2.21

0.447

1.16

0.77

1.75

0.485

3

1.22

0.69

2.15

0.493

1.16

0.78

1.73

0.467

4

1.22

0.68

2.17

0.509

1.23

0.82

1.85

0.323

 Perchloroethylene

2

0.91

0.53

1.58

0.743

1.19

0.80

1.75

0.388

3

0.93

0.53

1.62

0.791

1.14

0.76

1.71

0.530

4

0.92

0.52

1.63

0.778

1.14

0.77

1.69

0.515

 Trichloroethylene

2

1.00

0.57

1.76

0.996

1.23

0.81

1.85

0.331

3

1.09

0.62

1.91

0.770

1.17

0.80

1.72

0.416

4

1.04

0.59

1.84

0.902

1.18

0.79

1.76

0.423

 Vinyl chloride

2

0.99

0.56

1.74

0.962

1.00

0.67

1.49

0.991

3

1.02

0.58

1.79

0.950

1.03

0.68

1.56

0.879

4

1.18

0.67

2.07

0.561

1.06

0.72

1.56

0.782

Other HAPs

         

 Hydrazine

2

0.71

0.42

1.17

0.178

0.62

0.28

1.39

0.248

3

1.23

0.62

2.44

0.559

1.04

0.74

1.46

0.813

4

0.82

0.47

1.44

0.492

1.23

0.83

1.84

0.304

 PAHs

2

1.10

0.62

1.95

0.738

1.41

0.92

2.16

0.112

3

1.01

0.57

1.79

0.973

1.27

0.85

1.90

0.251

4

1.33

0.76

2.32

0.323

1.44

0.98

2.11

0.064

 Diesel PM

2

1.15

0.66

2.00

0.634

1.38

0.93

2.06

0.112

3

1.00

0.57

1.77

0.992

1.30

0.86

1.96

0.210

4

1.04

0.59

1.84

0.887

1.25

0.83

1.87

0.282

 Allyl chloride

2

0.75

0.41

1.34

0.328

1.13

0.75

1.71

0.548

3

1.15

0.66

1.99

0.628

1.28

0.86

1.88

0.221

4

1.26

0.73

2.17

0.405

1.17

0.80

1.70

0.424

 Carbon disulfide

2

1.36

0.78

2.37

0.281

1.13

0.76

1.67

0.558

3

0.79

0.44

1.45

0.451

0.82

0.53

1.27

0.371

4

1.28

0.74

2.24

0.382

1.20

0.82

1.76

0.349

 Cresols

2

0.86

0.49

1.53

0.611

1.12

0.74

1.69

0.591

3

1.03

0.60

1.79

0.904

1.31

0.88

1.94

0.183

4

1.05

0.60

1.85

0.854

1.18

0.79

1.76

0.424

 Cumene

2

0.93

0.52

1.66

0.804

1.27

0.83

1.95

0.278

3

1.43

0.82

2.48

0.205

1.33

0.91

1.93

0.143

4

1.01

0.57

1.79

0.975

1.36

0.91

2.05

0.138

 Cyanide

2

1.20

0.67

2.14

0.550

0.90

0.58

1.40

0.637

3

1.42

0.81

2.49

0.218

1.17

0.80

1.71

0.430

4

1.19

0.67

2.12

0.546

1.36

0.92

2.01

0.123

 2,4-Dinitrotoluene

2

0.73

0.40

1.31

0.288

1.11

0.73

1.69

0.618

3

1.18

0.68

2.03

0.566

1.35

0.92

1.98

0.130

4

1.25

0.73

2.16

0.422

1.19

0.81

1.74

0.373

 Ethylene Oxide

2

1.36

0.78

2.38

0.277

1.11

0.76

1.63

0.588

3

1.13

0.64

2.00

0.686

1.08

0.72

1.62

0.710

4

1.04

0.58

1.87

0.885

0.97

0.65

1.46

0.890

 Hexane

2

0.90

0.51

1.60

0.718

1.23

0.82

1.85

0.313

3

1.04

0.60

1.81

0.891

1.28

0.86

1.90

0.228

4

1.12

0.64

1.96

0.689

1.27

0.86

1.87

0.239

 Methanol

2

1.08

0.60

1.92

0.805

0.87

0.57

1.33

0.520

3

1.31

0.74

2.29

0.353

1.21

0.82

1.79

0.328

4

1.29

0.73

2.26

0.379

1.10

0.74

1.63

0.642

Index Scores

         

 Metals

2

0.69

0.39

1.23

0.209

0.96

0.65

1.42

0.842

3

0.76

0.45

1.27

0.295

1.03

0.70

1.50

0.889

4

0.93

0.53

1.63

0.790

1.17

0.80

1.70

0.423

 Aromatic Solvents

2

0.81

0.47

1.40

0.447

1.17

0.79

1.73

0.446

3

1.16

0.66

2.04

0.599

1.45

0.98

2.16

0.064

4

1.10

0.63

1.93

0.745

1.20

0.81

1.78

0.368

 Chlorinated Solvents

2

0.88

0.50

1.55

0.653

1.15

0.76

1.73

0.512

3

1.00

0.58

1.73

1.000

1.10

0.75

1.62

0.609

4

0.99

0.56

1.75

0.967

1.21

0.81

1.79

0.357

  1. aAll births, adjusted for mother’s age, education, race, smoking, child’s birth year (continuous), and child’s sex