Air toxics and the risk of autism spectrum disorder: the results of a population based case–control study in southwestern Pennsylvania

Table 4 Adjusted^a OR (95 % CI) for ASD associated with exposure during pregnancy to NATA air toxics (fourth vs first quartile)

Pollutant	Interviewed (217 Cases and 224 Controls)		Birth Certificate (215 Cases and 4,856 Controls)
Pollutant	All Births	Singleton Births	All Births	Singleton Births
Arsenic	1.28 (0.71–2.28)	1.38 (0.75–2.52)	1.33 (0.87–2.02)	1.62 (1.03–2.54)^**
Chromium	1.52 (0.87–2.66)	1.58 (0.88–2.81)	1.60 (1.08–2.38)^**	1.65 (1.09–2.50)^**
Methylene chloride	1.07 (0.61–1.85)	1.33 (0.74–2.36)	1.41 (0.96–2.07^)*	1.63 (1.08–2.45)^**
PAHs	1.33 (0.76–2.32)	1.56 (0.87–2.77)	1.44 (0.98–2.11)^*	1.64 (1.09–2.46)^**
Styrene	2.04 (1.17–3.58)^**	2.23 (1.24–4.00)^**	1.61 (1.08–2.40)^**	1.67 (1.09–2.54)^**
Lead	1.10 (0.63–1.94)	1.21 (0.67–2.18)	1.33 (0.90–1.97)	1.52 (1.00–2.30)^**
Cyanide	1.19 (0.67–2.12)	1.32 (0.73–2.36)	1.36 (0.92–2.01)	1.52 (1.01–2.30)^**

^aModels adjusted for maternal smoking, age, education, race, child’s birth year, and sex of the child
^**Significant (p-value < 0.05) ^*p < .10

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