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Table 1 Characteristics of the study population by time point of urine collection

From: Arsenic exposure is associated with pediatric pneumonia in rural Bangladesh: a case control study

 

Controls

Cases

   

Hospital Admission time point

Convalescent time point

 

%

N

%

N

p-valuea

%

N

p-valueb

Number of children

 

296

 

201

  

153

 

Urinary arsenic concentration (μg/L) (Median (Interquartile Range))

14.0 (4.5–41.0)

296

24.0 (8.0–64.0)

201

<0.0001

16.0 (7.0–48.0)

153

0.26

Urinary creatinine concentration (mg/ dl) (Median (Interquartile Range))

22.4 (13.1–38.4)

296

48.1 (26.0–77.5)

201

<0.0001

19.1 (11.5–35.2)

153

0.14

Gender

 Female

54 %

161

57 %

115

0.01

64 %

98

0.01

Age (Months)

Median (Interquartile Range) (Months)

10.0 (5.0–20.0)

296

13.0 (6.0–23.0)

201

0.88

12.0 (6.0–22.0)

153

0.90

 0–5

33 %

99

25 %

50

 

24 %

36

 

 6–11

18 %

53

28 %

56

 

23 %

35

 

 12–23

27 %

80

25 %

50

 

32 %

49

 

 24–59

22 %

64

22 %

45

 

22 %

33

 

Breastfed in the prior week

 Exclusive

24 %

71

23 %

45

0.33

22 %

33

0.50

 Mixed

55 %

161

56 %

112

 

59 %

89

 

 None

21 %

61

22 %

43

 

20 %

30

 

Case definition

 Severe pneumonia

–

–

89 %

179

 

88 %

135

 

 Very severe pneumonia

–

–

11 %

22

 

12 %

18

 

WHO weight for height

 z-score less than −2 SDs

11 %

33

21 %

43

0.002

20 %

31

0.01

 z-score greater or equal to −2 SDs

89 %

259

79 %

158

 

80 %

122

 

Paternal education

 No formal education

12 %

35

18 %

36

0.07

18 %

28

0.03

 1–5 years

21 %

61

20 %

41

 

22 %

34

 

 5–10 years

47 %

139

49 %

99

 

49 %

75

 

 Greater than 10 years

20 %

59

12 %

25

 

10 %

16

 

Number of individuals living in household (Median (Interquartile Range))

5 (4–7)

296

5 (4–6)

201

0.05

5 (4–6)

153

0.10

Main source of drinking waterc

 Piped water

1 %

4

2 %

5

0.76

3 %

5

0.69

 Tube well

98 %

288

95 %

191

 

72 %

145

 

 River, stream, pond, lake

1 %

4

2 %

4

 

2 %

3

 

 Other

0 %

0

<1 %

1

 

0 %

0

 

Floor of household

 Natural floor (sand/earth/dung)

79 %

233

86 %

173

0.04

86 %

131

0.08

 Finished floor (wood/tiles/cement/carpet)

21 %

63

14 %

28

 

14 %

22

 

Time-lapsed between hospital admission and urine collection in hours (Median (Interquartile Range))

0.75 (0.5–1.1)

290

3.2 (2.1–5.0)

193

<0.0001

–

–

–

  1. aControl and case at admission time point compared using a two sample t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables
  2. bControl and case at convalescent time point compared using a two sample t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables
  3. cTub well compared to all other drinking water sources
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X