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Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio (95 % confidence interval) estimates for the association between rural vs. urban residence and time-activity, chemical exposures, and housing characteristics (reference group is urban)

From: Urban-rural differences in daily time-activity patterns, occupational activity and housing characteristics

Adjustment

Respondent worked outdoors

Respondent exposed to engine exhaust (excluding vehicles)

Respondent exposed to solvents, fumes, or chemicals

Anyone in household smoked cigarettesa

Pesticide usage at household (indoor or outdoor)a

Household has air conditioninga

None

2.0 b

3.7

1.4

1.8

1.6

0.6

(1.4–2.9)

(2.5–2.3)

(1.0–2.1)

(1.4–2.3)

(1.0–2.7)

(0.4–0.7)

Education

1.9

3.7

1.5

NA

NA

NA

(1.3–2.9)

(2.4–5.9)

(1.0–2.3)

   

Gender

2.1

3.8

1.4

NA

NA

NA

(1.5–3.1)

(2.7–5.5)

(1.0–2.1)

   

Age

2.1

3.7

1.4

NA

NA

NA

(1.4–2.9)

(2.6–5.4)

(0.9–2.1)

   

SES

2.4

3.5

1.3

1.9

1.8

0.6

(1.6–3.5)

(2.3–5.3)

(0.8–2.0)

(1.5–2.5)

(1.0–3.1)

(0.4–0.8)

All

2.2

3.8

1.3

NA

NA

NA

(1.5–3.3)

(2.5–5.7)

(0.8–2.1)

   
  1. aData collected at household level, therefore only household level adjustments applied. bBold indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05)