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Table 4 Bivariate analysis of total serum of perfluoroalkyl acids by demographics, anthropometric and clinical characteristics

From: Association between perfluoroalkyl acids and kidney function in a cross-sectional study of adolescents

 

Total Perfluoroalkyl Acids

N = 1961

Quartile 1 (<15.2 ng/mL)

Quartile 2 (15.2–22.1 ng/mL)

Quartile 3 (22.1–32.1 ng/mL)

Quartile 4 (≥32.1 ng/mL)

P-value

 

n, (%)

Overall

490 (25.0 %)

487 (24.8 %)

494 (25.2 %)

490 (25.0 %)

 

Sex

     

 Male

211 (19.8 %)

234 (22.0 %)

294 (27.6 %)

325 (30.6 %)

P < 0.001

 Female

279 (31.1 %)

253 (28.2 %)

200 (22.3 %)

165 (18.4 %)

Race

     

 Mexican American

205 (34.8 %)

168 (28.5 %)

121 (20.5 %)

95 (16.1 %)

P < 0.001

 Other Hispanics

68 (48.9 %)

33 (23.7 %)

26 (18.7 %)

12 (8.6 %)

 Non-Hispanic white

84 (15.4 %)

128 (23.4 %)

160 (29.3 %)

175 (32.0 %)

 Non-Hispanic black

107 (18.0 %)

136 (22.9 %)

169 (28.5 %)

182 (30.6 %)

 Other race

26 (28.3 %)

22 (23.9 %)

18 (19.6 %)

26 (28.3 %)

Poverty to Income Ratio

     

 First Quartile (<0.78)

138 (32.6 %)

101 (23.9 %)

98 (23.2 %)

86 (20.3 %)

P < 0.001

 Second quartile (0.78 to1.45)

133 (29.6 %)

104 (23.2 %)

116 (25.8 %)

96 (21.4 %)

 Third Quartile (>1.46 to 2.92)

99 (21.25)

120 (25.6 %)

126 (26.9 %)

123 (26.3 %)

 Fourth Quartile (>2.92)

82 (16.6 %)

130 (26.3 %)

125 (25.3 %)

158 (31.9 %)

 Missing

38 (30.2 %)

32 (25.4 %)

29 (23.0 %)

27 (21.4 %)

Parent/Caregiver Education

     

 Less than 9th grade

112 (42.6 %)

77 (29.3 %)

49 (18.6 %)

25 (9.5 %)

P < 0.001

 9-12th grade

94 (25.3 %)

98 (26.3 %)

110 (29.6 %)

70 (18.8 %)

 High school Graduate or GED

105 (22.9 %)

109 (23.7 %)

118 (25.7 %)

127 (27.7 %)

 College or AA degree

101 (19.4 %)

106 (20.3 %)

142 (27.2 %)

173 (33.1 %)

 College graduate or greater

54 (20.9 %)

72 (27.8 %)

56 (21.6 %)

77 (29.7 %)

 Unknown

24 (27.9 %)

25 (29.1 %)

19 (22.1 %)

18 (20.1 %)

Serum Cotinine

     

  < 0.015 ng/mL

103 (33.0 %)

76 (24.4 %)

68 (21.8 %)

65 (20.8 %)

P < 0.001

 0.015–1.9 ng/mL

336 (26.2 %)

312 (24.3 %)

320 (24.9 %)

316 (24.6 %)

  ≥ 2.0 ng/mL

51 (14.0 %)

99 (27.1 %)

106 (29 %)

109 (29.9 %)

High Cholesterol

     

 Total Cholesterol < 170 mg/dL

345 (26.3 %)

331 (25.2 %)

327 (24.9 %)

309 (23.6 %)

P < 0.097

 Total Cholesterol ≥ 170 mg/dL

145 (22.4 %)

156 (24.1 %)

166 (25.6 %)

181 (27.9 %)

Obesity Status

     

 Not Obese

365 (23.8 %)

366 (23.9 %)

399 (20.1 %)

401 (26.25)

P < 0.007

 Obese

125 (29.1 %)

120 (28 %)

95 (22.1 %)

89 (20.8 %)

Insulin Status

     

 HOMA-IR <4.39

191 (24.9 %)

178 (23.2 %)

208 (27.1 %)

190 (24.8 %)

P < 0.001

 HOMA-IR ≥4.39

70 (35.9 %)

58 (29.7 %)

36 (18.5 %)

31 (15.9 %)

Blood Pressure Status

     

 Blood Pressure <90th Percentile

437 (24.9 %)

433 (24.7 %)

441 (25.2 %)

441 (25.2 %)

P < 0.674

 Blood Pressure ≥90th Percentile

37 (24.5 %)

44 (29.1 %)

35 (23.2 %)

35 (23.2 %)