Table 5 Multivariable regression of perfluoroalkyl acids with outcome measure of kidney function unadjusted for cholesterol

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)

 Quartile 1 (<2.5 ng/mL)

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Quartile 2 (2.5–3.5 ng/mL)

0.007 (−0.012 to 0.027)

−2.81 (−7.16 to 1.53)

0.17 (–0.028 to 0.37)

 Quartile 3 (3.5–4.7 ng/mL

0.021 (−0.008 to 0.050)

−5.50 (−11.50 to 0.50)

0.13 (−0.030 to 0.29)

 Quartile 4 (≥4.7 ng/mL)

0.029 (0.004 to 0.054)*

−6.84 (−11.48 to−2.19)**

0.23 (0.071 to 0.39)**

Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS)

 Quartile 1 (<7.9 ng/mL)

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Quartile 2 (7.9–12.8 ng/mL)

0.021 (−0.007 to 0.049)

−5.39 (−9.87 to−0.92)*

0.11 (−0.063 to 0.29)

 Quartile 3 (12.8 19.4 ng/mL)

0.038 (0.008 to 0.068)*

−7.25 (−12.25 to−2.25)**

0.045 (−0.10 to 0.19)

 Quartile 4 (≥19.4 ng/mL)

0.040 (0.010 to 0.071)**

−9.69 (−14.78 to−4.59)***

0.20 (0.041 to 0.35)*

Perfluorononanoic Acid (PFNA)

 Quartile 1 (<0.7 ng/mL)

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Quartile 2 (0.7–1.0 ng/mL)

−0.003 (−0.035 to 0.029)

1.25 (−4.30 to 6.80)

0.011 (−0.17 to 0.19)

 Quartile 3 (1.0–1.5 ng/mL)

−0.018 (−0.046 to 0.009)

2.59 (−1.89 to 7.08)

−0.027 (−0.19 to 0.14)

 Quartile 4 (≥1.5 ng/mL)

0.0034 (−0.24 to 0.031)

−1.2 (−5.62 to 3.22)

0.13 (−0.035 to 0.30)

Perfluorohexane Sulfonic acid (PFHxS)

 Quartile 1 (<1 ng/mL)

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Quartile 2 (1–2 ng/mL)

−0.000 (−0.029 to 0.029)

1.27 (−3.67 to 6.21)

0.053 (−0.12 to 0.23)

 Quartile 3 (2–3.95 ng/mL)

−0.007 (−0.037 to 0.023)

1.81 (−3.40 to 7.03)

0.052 (−0.13 to 0.23)

 Quartile 4 (≥4 ng/mL)

−0.008 (−0.036 to 0.020)

−0.31 (−4.39 to 3.77)

−0.057 (–0.23 to 0.11)