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Table 3 Association between urban metrics and premature mortality from all causes and mortality due to CVD and traffic accidents

From: Associations between urban metrics and mortality rates in England

Urban metrics

Model 1 (adjusted for age)

Model 2 (additionally adjusted for deprivation and lung cancer mortality)

RR (95 % CI)

RR (95 % CI)

 

Female (<65)

Male (<65)

Female (<65)

Male (<65)

 

All-cause mortality

  

Population density T2

1.09 [1.07 – 1.11]*

1.12 [1.10 – 1.14]*

1.02 [0.99 – 1.04]

1.01 [0.99 – 1.02]

T3

1.17 [1.15 – 1.19]*

1.19 [1.18 – 1.21]*

1.10 [1.09 – 1.13]*

1.09 [1.07 – 1.10]*

Minor Road Density T2

1.13 [1.11 – 1.15]*

1.15 [1.14 – 1.17]*

1.03 [1.00 – 1.05]*

1.01 [0.99 – 1.03]

T3

1.18 [1.16 – 1.20]*

1.21 [1.19 – 1.23]*

1.07 [1.05 – 1.09]*

1.07 [1.05 – 1.09]*

Junction Density T2

1.10 [1.08 – 1.12]*

1.09 [1.07 – 1.10]*

1.09 [1.06 – 1.11]*

1.07 [1.05 – 1.08]*

T3

1.20 [1.18 – 1.22]*

1.23 [1.21 – 1.24]*

1.12 [1.10 – 1.15]*

1.12 [1.10 – 1.14]*

% pop close to road T2

1.02 [1.00 – 1.03]

1.02 [1.01 – 1.03]*

1.01 [0.99 – 1.03]

1.00 [0.98 – 1.01]

T3

1.15 [1.13 – 1.17]*

1.15 [1.14 – 1.17]*

1.07 [1.05 – 1.09]*

1.05 [1.03 – 1.07]*

Shannon Diversity T2

1.02 [1.01 – 1.04]*

1.02 [1.01 – 1.04]*

0.99 [0.97 – 1.00]

1.00 [0.98 – 1.01]

T3

0.96 [0.94 – 0.97]*

0.95 [0.94 – 0.97]*

0.97 [0.95 – 0.99]

0.99 [0.97 – 1.00]

Altitude T2

1.09 [1.07 – 1.11]*

1.09 [1.08 – 1.11]*

1.02 [1.00 – 1.04]

1.01 [0.99 – 1.03]

T3

1.05 [1.03 – 1.07]*

1.09 [1.07 – 1.10]*

0.97 [0.95 – 0.99]*

0.98 [0.97 – 1.00]

 

CVD mortality

  

Population density T2

1.15 [1.10 – 1.21]*

1.17 [1.14 – 1.21]*

1.04 [0.99 – 1.09]

1.04 [1.01 – 1.07]*

T3

1.22 [1.16 – 1.27]*

1.21 [1.17 – 1.24]*

1.13 [1.07 – 1.18]*

1.10 [1.06 – 1.13]*

Minor Road Density T2

1.21 [1.16 – 1.27]*

1.21 [1.18 – 1.25]*

1.05 [1.00 – 1.11]

1.05 [1.01 – 1.09]*

T3

1.27 [1.21 – 1.33]*

1.24 [1.21 – 1.28]*

1.10 [1.05 – 1.16]*

1.09 [1.06 – 1.13]*

Junction Density T2

1.13 [1.08 – 1.18]*

1.10 [1.07 – 1.13]*

1.12 [1.07 – 1.18]*

1.09 [1.06 – 1.12]*

T3

1.23 [1.22 – 1.32]*

1.23 [1.20 – 1.26]*

1.16 [1.10 – 1.22]*

1.12 [1.09 – 1.16]*

% pop close to road T2

1.03 [0.98 – 1.07]

1.01 [0.98 – 1.04]

1.01 [0.96 – 1.06]

0.98 [0.95 – 1.01]

T3

1.17 [1.12 – 1.21]*

1.15 [1.12 – 1.18]*

1.04 [1.00 – 1.09]

1.04 [1.01 – 1.07]*

Shannon Diversity T2

1.03 [0.99 – 1.07]

1.04 [1.02 – 1.07]*

0.97 [0.93 – 1.01]

1.02 [0.99 – 1.04]

T3

0.94 [0.90 – 0.99]*

0.94 [0.91 – 0.96]*

0.95 [0.91 – 1.00]

0.97 [0.94 – 1.00]

Altitude T2

1.14 [1.09 – 1.20]*

1.10 [1.07 – 1.13]*

1.04 [0.99 – 1.09]

1.02 [0.99 – 1.05]

T3

1.11 [1.07 – 1.16]*

1.12 [1.09 – 1.15]*

1.00 [0.96 – 1.05]

1.01 [0.98 – 1.04]

 

Traffic accident mortality

  

Population density T2

0.90 [0.74 – 1.09]

0.92 [0.84 – 1.01]

0.90 [0.73 – 1.11]

0.91 [0.82 – 1.00]

T3

0.77 [0.63 – 0.95]*

0.79 [0.72 – 0.87]*

0.75 [0.60 – 0.93]*

0.77 [0.70 – 0.85]*

Minor Road Density T2

0.84 [0.70 – 1.02]

0.91 [0.83 – 1.00]

0.83 [0.66 – 1.05]

0.87 [0.78 – 0.97]*

T3

0.76 [0.63 – 0.93]*

0.77 [0.70 – 0.84]*

0.75 [0.60 – 0.93]*

0.71 [0.64 – 0.78]*

Junction Density T2

0.93 [0.76 – 1.13]

1.04 [0.95 – 1.14]

0.93 [0.75 – 1.15]

0.99 [0.89 – 1.10]

T3

0.93 [0.77 – 1.11]

0.91 [0.84 – 1.00]*

0.90 [0.72 – 1.13]

0.81 [0.73 – 0.91]*

% pop close to road T2

0.73 [0.60 – 0.88]*

0.95 [0.87 – 1.04]

0.68 [0.55 – 0.85]*

0.98 [0.89 – 1.09]

T3

0.86 [0.72 – 1.03]

0.89 [0.82 – 0.97]*

0.87 [0.72 – 1.05]

0.86 [0.78 – 0.95]*

Shannon Diversity T2

1.08 [0.91 – 1.30]

1.09 [1.00 – 1.19]*

1.13 [0.93 – 1.40]

1.09 [1.00 – 1.19]*

T3

1.36 [1.11 – 1.66]*

1.18 [1.07 – 1.30]*

1.39 [1.12 – 1.73]*

1.22 [1.10 – 1.35]*

Altitude T2

0.68 [0.55 – 0.83]*

0.77 [0.70 – 0.85]*

0.66 [0.54 – 0.82]*

0.74 [0.67 – 0.82]*

T3

0.79 [0.66 – 0.95]*

0.94 [0.86 – 1.03]

0.80 [0.66 – 0.98]*

0.94 [0.85 – 1.04]

  1. *p < 0.05
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Environmental Health

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