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Table 5 Effect modification of Cox HRs† by sex, ageǂ, smoking, obesity, and fruit/vegetable and alcohol consumption

From: Risk estimates of mortality attributed to low concentrations of ambient fine particulate matter in the Canadian community health survey cohort

   

95 % CI

  

95 % CI

Cochran’s Q

Cause of death

Deaths

HR

Lower

Upper

Deaths

HR

Lower

Upper

Q

p

 

Females (n = 161,700)

Males (n = 137,800)

  

Non-accidental

12,700

*1.181

1.088

1.282

13,000

*1.344

1.239

1.457

4.829

0.028

Circulatory

4,100

1.109

0.959

1.282

4,300

*1.268

1.101

1.459

1.687

0.194

Respiratory

1,100

1.323

0.998

1.754

1,300

*1.698

1.307

2.206

1.617

0.204

 

<75 years oldǂ (n = 266,600)

≥75 years oldǂ (n = 32,900)

  

Non-accidental

13,100

*1.248

1.151

1.353

12,600

*1.237

1.140

1.342

0.023

0.880

Circulatory

3,500

*1.239

1.058

1.450

4,900

1.100

0.965

1.254

1.295

0.255

Respiratory

1,000

*1.553

1.158

2.083

1,300

*1.461

1.136

1.878

0.096

0.757

 

Ever Smoked (n = 215,100)

Never Smoked (n = 84,100)

  

Non-accidental

19,400

*1.231

1.152

1.315

6,300

*1.397

1.242

1.571

3.381

0.066

Circulatory

6,000

*1.164

1.034

1.311

2,300

*1.287

1.060

1.563

0.749

0.387

Respiratory

1,900

*1.449

1.174

1.788

400

*1.966

1.236

3.129

1.376

0.241

 

Obese I and II (n = 78,900)

Normal weight (n = 93,700)

  

Non-accidental

6,200

*1.215

1.077

1.370

8,700

*1.264

1.147

1.394

0.250

0.617

Circulatory

2,100

1.110

0.903

1.364

2,700

1.125

0.945

1.339

0.009

0.922

Respiratory

500

*1.757

1.146

2.694

900

*1.408

1.041

1.905

0.688

0.407

 

Obese II (n = 24,200)b

 

Normal weight (n = 93,700)

  

Non-accidental

1,900

1.142

0.919

1.419

8,700

*1.264

1.147

1.394

0.698

0.403

Circulatory

700

0.888

0.609

1.294

2,700

1.125

0.945

1.339

1.247

0.264

 

<5 fruit/veg servings (n = 153,200)

≥5 fruit/veg servings (n = 101,100)

  

Non-accidental

12,900

*1.217

1.124

1.318

8,500

*1.199

1.087

1.322

0.054

0.817

Circulatory

4,100

1.098

0.954

1.263

2,900

*1.322

1.117

1.563

2.764

0.096

Respiratory

1,200

*1.421

1.091

1.852

700

*1.505

1.078

2.101

0.070

0.792

 

Regular drinker (n = 141,700)

Not regular drinkera (n = 91,800)

  

Non-accidental

9,600

*1.280

1.168

1.403

13,300

*1.280

1.182

1.387

<0.001

1.000

Circulatory

2,900

*1.257

1.065

1.483

4,600

*1.201

1.048

1.376

0.174

0.677

Respiratory

800

*1.473

1.070

2.027

1,300

*1.449

1.120

1.875

0.006

0.938

  1. †All models are stratified by age (5 year categories) and sex, and adjusted for the following covariates: immigrant status, visible minority status, Aboriginal status, marital status, educational attainment, income adequacy quintile, employment, body mass index, fruit and vegetable consumption, smoking, and alcohol. For each comparison, the stratum or covariate being compared was not included as a stratum/covariate in the model (i.e., smoking was not included as a covariate in the smoking comparison)
  2. Ç‚Age at entry into Cohort
  3. +Cochran’s Q test for significant difference of HR between groups
  4. *Significant HR (p < 0.05)
  5. aIncludes occasional, former, or never drinker
  6. bRespiratory mortality not shown; mortality for obese II: n < 200
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Environmental Health

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