A common functional variant on the pro-inflammatory Interleukin-6 gene may modify the association between long-term PM10 exposure and diabetes

Eze, Ikenna C.; Imboden, Medea; Kumar, Ashish; Adam, Martin; von Eckardstein, Arnold; Stolz, Daiana; Gerbase, Margaret W.; Künzli, Nino; Turk, Alexander; Schindler, Christian; Kronenberg, Florian; Probst-Hensch, Nicole

doi:10.1186/s12940-016-0120-5

Environmental Health

Table 2 Characteristics of participants by IL6 -572 G > C and IL6 -174 G > C genotypes

From: A common functional variant on the pro-inflammatory Interleukin-6 gene may modify the association between long-term PM₁₀ exposure and diabetes

	IL6 -572 G > C			IL6 -174 G > C
	GG (N = 3891)	GC + CC (N = 519)	P (Chi²)	GG (N = 1618)	GC (N = 2110)	CC (N = 682)	P (Chi²)
Proportion (%)
Females	48.4	49.1	0.768	48.3	48.1	50.6	0.509
Education ≥9 years	94.9	93.2	0.107	94.4	94.9	95.0	0.721
Never-smokers	44.3	45.6	0.490	42.4	44.8	48.1	0.036
Passive smoke exposure	46.4	46.6	0.927	48.6	45.4	44.4	0.078
Occupational VGDF exposure	42.8	42.4	0.845	43.9	42.6	40.9	0.398
Alcohol intake ≤1glass/day	91.0	91.4	0.620	89.8	91.2	93.0	0.050
Alcohol intake >1glass/day	9.0	9.6		10.2	8.8	7.0
Portion of raw vegetables ≤3 days/week	18.2	20.8	0.150	17.4	19.1	19.4	0.351
Portion of raw vegetables >3 days/week	81.8	79.2		82.6	80.9	80.6
Portion of fruits ≤3 days/week	35.8	35.6	0.923	35.0	36.2	36.7	0.657
Portion of fruits >3 days/week	64.2	64.4		65.0	63.8	63.3
Portion of citrus fruits ≤3 days/week	64.2	64.0	0.909	64.2	63.9	64.8	0.917
Portion of citrus fruits >3 days/week	35.8	36.0		35.8	36.1	35.2
Vigorous physical activity <0.5 h/week	35.5	37.2	0.449	37.3	34.6	34.2	0.082
Vigorous physical activity ≥0.5 h/week	64.5	62.8		62.1	65.4	65.8
Diabetes cases	5.5	6.7	0.260	6.2	5.5	4.8	0.430
Areas: Basel	11.5	12.9	0.062	10.5	11.6	14.8	<0.001
Wald	19.1	19.1		19.0	18.6	20.8
Davos	7.7	6.9		7.5	7.9	7.0
Lugano	12.6	14.6		15.0	12.6	8.4
Montana	11.1	6.9		9.2	11.2	12.0
Payerne	13.1	12.7		13.3	12.1	15.2
Aarau	16.6	19.3		16.9	17.6	14.4
Geneva	8.4	7.5		8.6	8.4	7.3
Means (SD)			T-test				ANOVA
Age (years)	51.8 (11)	51.3 (11)	0.269	51.8 (11)	51.8 (11)	51.5 (11)	0.732
BMI (kg/m²)	25.8 (4.3)	26.3 (4.3)	0.025	26.0 (4.3)	25.8 (4.3)	25.9 (4.3)	0.152
Neighborhood SEI	63.7 (10)	63.8 (10)	0.827	63.5 (10)	63.9 (10)	63.8 (9)	0.455
10-year mean PM₁₀ (μg/m³)	21.8 (7.3)	22.8 (7.2)	0.005	22.3 (7.4)	21.9 (7.3)	21.5 (6.9)	0.030
Pack-years of smoking^a	0 (14)	0.1 (16)	0.296	0.3 (16)	0 (16)	0 (14)	0.524

VGDF: vapours, gases, dusts and fumes; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; SEI: socio-economic index; PM₁₀: particulate matter <10 μm in diameter. ^avalues represent median (interquartile range) and P-values represent significance level of median test

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