Table 1 Characteristics of Massachusetts mothers, (1) overall, (2) by quartile of second trimester PM2.5 exposure, and (3) in the subset of those with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
Second trimester PM2.5 a | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Total n = 159,373 | Q1 n = 39,724 | Q2 n = 39,725 | Q3 n = 39,725 | Q4 n = 39,725 | With GDM n = 5,381 |
Percent | ||||||
Age | ||||||
< 20 years | 9 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 3 |
20–35 years | 74 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 74 | 70 |
≥ 35 years | 17 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 15 | 27 |
Race/ethnicityb | ||||||
White | 70 | 76 | 71 | 68 | 64 | 64 |
Black | 7 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 7 |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 16 |
Hispanic | 12 | 9 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 10 |
Other | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
Educationc | ||||||
Less than high school | 11 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 7 |
High school | 24 | 22 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 24 |
Some college | 20 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 24 |
Bachelor degree | 28 | 30 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 28 |
Postgraduate degree | 17 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 |
Public prenatal insuranced | 31 | 28 | 31 | 31 | 35 | 26 |
Smoking habitse | ||||||
Never | 85 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 86 |
Former | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 |
Current low (<10 cigs) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Current high (>10 cigs) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Gestational diabetes | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 100 |
Mean (SD) | ||||||
Open space in census tract (%) | 12 (11) | 13 (11) | 12 (11) | 11 (11) | 10 (11) | 11 (11) |
Median household income in census tract ($) | 51,000 (20,000) | 55,000 (19,000) | 52,000 (20,000) | 51,000 (20,000) | 47,000 (19,000) | 50,000 (19,000) |
Median value of owner occupied housing in census tract ($) | 198,000 (120,000) | 195,000 (101,000) | 193,000 (106,000) | 198,000 (116,000) | 205,000 (150,000) | 184,000 (99,000) |