Neurodevelopmental outcomes among 2- to 3-year-old children in Bangladesh with elevated blood lead and exposure to arsenic and manganese in drinking water

Rodrigues, Ema G.; Bellinger, David C.; Valeri, Linda; Hasan, Md Omar Sharif Ibne; Quamruzzaman, Quazi; Golam, Mostofa; Kile, Molly L.; Christiani, David C.; Wright, Robert O.; Mazumdar, Maitreyi

doi:10.1186/s12940-016-0127-y

Environmental Health

Table 1 Demographics for study population and comparison of those excluded due to missing data

From: Neurodevelopmental outcomes among 2- to 3-year-old children in Bangladesh with elevated blood lead and exposure to arsenic and manganese in drinking water

	Full study N = 812		Current analysis n = 525		Excluded n = 287
	n	%	n	%	n	%	p-value
Clinic^a							0.0002
Sirajdikhan	409	50.4	239	45.5	170	59.2
Pabna	403	49.6	286	54.5	117	40.8
Maternal characteristics
Age at enrollment, median(range)^b	22 (18–41)		22 (18–39)		22 (18–41)		0.69
Education^a							0.06
Primary or less	380	46.8	233	44.4	147	51.2
Secondary or greater	432	53.2	292	55.6	140	48.8
Type of delivery^a							0.10
Vaginal	517	63.7	347	66.1	170	59.2
Cesarean	278	34.2	166	31.6	112	39.0
Vaginal forceps assisted	17	2.1	12	2.3	5	1.8
Exposed to second-hand smoke^a							0.05
Yes	346	42.6	211	40.2	135	47.1
No	465	57.3	314	59.8	151	52.6
Missing	1	0.1	0	0.0	1	0.3
Raven score, median (range)^b	24 (0–54)		25 (3–54)		22 (0–46)		<0.0001
Missing	14		0		14
Home score, median (range)^b	43 (30–48)		43 (30–48)		44 (34–47)		0.01
Missing	2		0		2
Child characteristics
Child’s age at time of assessment in years, median (range)^b	2.3 (1.7–3.4)		2.3 (1.7–3.3)		2.4 (1.9–3.4)		0.72
Sex^a							0.43
Male	412	50.7	261	49.7	151	52.6
Female	400	49.3	264	50.3	136	47.4
Birth Order^a							0.20
1	344	42.4	213	40.6	131	45.7
2	282	34.7	189	36.0	93	32.4
3	129	15.9	81	15.4	48	16.7
4+	56	6.9	42	8.0	14	4.9
Missing	1	0.1	0	0.0	1	0.3
Preterm birth, <37 weeks^a							0.28
Yes	176	21.7	120	22.9	56	19.5
No	633	78.0	404	77.0	229	79.8
Missing	3	0.4	1	0.2	2	0.7
Pica^a							0.75
Yes	314	38.7	205	39.0	109	38.0
No	497	61.2	319	60.8	178	62.0
Missing	1	0.1	1	0.2	0	0.0
Gestational age in weeks, median (range)^b	38.0 (28–42)		38.0 (28–42)		39.0 (29–42)		0.0003
Missing	3		1		2
Birth Weight in kg, median (range)^b	2.9 (0.8–4.8)		2.9 (0.8–4.5)		2.8 (1.0–4.8)		0.17
Current length in cm, median (range)^b	83.0 (48–96)		82.0 (48–96)		83.0 (68–94)		0.46
Missing	1				1
Current weight in kg, median (range)^b	11.0 (6.1–20.0)		11.0 (6.1–20.0)		11.0 (7.3–17.8)		0.51
Missing	2				2
Current head circumference in cm, median (range)^b	45.0 (40–51)		45.0 (40–51)		45.0 (40–50)		0.16
Missing	1				1
Current hematocrit, %, median (range)^b	35 (18–58)		35 (18–56)		35 (22–58)		0.63
Missing	78		0		78

^aChi-square test
^bWilcoxon rank sum test

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