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Table 3 Crude and adjusted BPA analyte levels, by sources of exposure, in second trimester pregnant women from Northern and Central California, 2009–2011 (n=112)

From: Direct measurement of Bisphenol A (BPA), BPA glucuronide and BPA sulfate in a diverse and low-income population of pregnant women reveals high exposure, with potential implications for previous exposure estimates: a cross-sectional study

  

BPA in Conjugated Forma

(μg/g creatinine)

BPA

(μg/g creatinine)

 

n (%)

GM (95 % CI)

MGM (95 % CI)

GM (95 % CI)

MGM (95 % CI)

Job involves handling paper receipts

 Nod

89 (79)

4.11 (2.70, 6.25)

4.21 (2.83, 6.26)

0.22 (0.16, 0.29)

0.21 (0.16, 0.27)

 Yes

23 (21)

9.13 (4.10, 20.37)**

8.98 (4.07, 19.83)***

0.19 (0.11, 0.32)

0.18 (0.11, 0.32)

Touched or held paper receiptsb

 Not in past 2 days

18 (16)

2.85 (1.03, 7.89)

3.78 (1.53, 9.35)

0.24 (0.11, 0.49)

0.22 (0.12, 0.41)

 Yesterday

37 (33)

3.57 (2.00, 6.35)

3.40 (1.84, 6.27)***

0.16 (0.10, 0.27)

0.19 (0.12, 0.29)

 Todayd

57 (51)

6.98 (4.02, 12.09)

6.87 (4.16, 11.35)

0.24 (0.17, 0.33)

0.21 (0.15, 0.30)

Drank canned drinks

 Not in past 2 daysd

57 (51)

6.32 (3.83, 10.41)

6.24 (3.81, 10.24)

0.21 (0.14, 0.31)

0.20 (0.14, 0.28)

 Yesterday

44 (39)

3.65 (1.92, 6.95)

3.44 (1.94, 6.10)

0.22 (0.15, 0.34)

0.22 (0.15, 0.32)

 Today

11 (10)

3.77 (1.05, 13.55)

5.73 (1.77, 18.59)

0.16 (0.06, 0.45)

0.18 (0.08, 0.40)

Drank cartoned drinks

 Not in past 2 daysd

79 (71)

5.75 (3.58, 9.22)

5.81 (3.80, 8.86)

0.22 (0.17, 0.30)

0.23 (0.17, 0.30)

 Yesterday

22 (20)

3.72 (1.78, 7.78)

3.73 (1.61, 8.64)

0.23 (0.12, 0.44)

0.16 (0.09, 0.30)

 Today

11 (10)

2.38 (0.90, 6.33)

2.32 (0.68, 7.95)

0.11 (0.03, 0.32)

0.13 (0.06, 0.28)

Drank from paper cup

 Not in past 2 daysd

55 (49)

5.55 (3.19, 9.66)

5.53 (3.35, 9.14)

0.22 (0.16, 0.32)

0.25 (0.18, 0.35)

 Yesterday

28 (25)

3.18 (1.61, 6.28)

3.23 (1.53, 6.79)

0.15 (0.09, 0.28)

0.14 (0.08, 0.23)***

 Today

29 (26)

5.61 (2.56, 12.29)

5.80 (2.82, 11.93)

0.24 (0.14, 0.42)

0.20 (0.12, 0.32)

Ate canned foodsc

 Not in past 2 daysd

75 (67)

5.60 (3.52, 8.92)

5.58 (3.61, 8.62)

0.18 (0.13, 0.24)

0.18 (0.14, 0.25)

 Yesterday or today

37 (33)

3.60 (1.91, 6.76)

3.78 (2.01, 7.11)

0.30 (0.19, 0.46)

0.25 (0.16, 0.39)

Ate food served or packaged in paper or cardboard

 Not in past 2 daysd

44 (39)

5.77 (2.99, 11.15)

5.87 (3.30, 10.45)

0.25 (0.17, 0.37)

0.27 (0.18, 0.40)

 Yesterday

38 (34)

3.45 (1.94, 6.14)

3.57 (1.92, 6.63)

0.16 (0.10, 0.25)

0.15 (0.10, 0.23)****

 Today

30 (27)

5.75 (2.74, 12.04)

5.62 (2.85, 11.09)

0.23 (0.13, 0.41)

0.19 (0.12, 0.31)

Purchases >1/2 of all mealsb

 Nod

69 (64)

4.37 (2.66, 7.18)

4.42 (2.81, 6.95)

0.26 (0.18, 0.36)

0.24 (0.18, 0.33)

 Yes

38 (36)

5.37 (2.87, 10.04)

5.55 (2.94, 10.47)

0.15 (0.09, 0.23)*

0.15 (0.10, 0.23)***

Consumes wineb

 Nod

68 (62)

5.90 (3.72, 9.37)

6.39 (4.04, 10.12)

0.20 (0.14, 0.27)

0.20 (0.14, 0.27)

 Yes

42 (38)

3.20 (1.71, 5.99)**

2.95 (1.65, 5.30)****

0.24 (0.15, 0.39)

0.22 (0.15, 0.33)

Consumes beer

 Nod

75 (67)

4.37 (2.69, 7.11)

4.84 (3.10, 7.55)

0.21 (0.15, 0.29)

0.21 (0.16, 0.29)

 Yes

37 (33)

5.95 (3.39, 10.45)

5.06 (2.72, 9.42)

0.21 (0.14, 0.33)

0.19 (0.12, 0.28)

Eats food stored in clear, shatterproof plastic containersb

 No

38 (35)

4.93 (2.67, 9.10)

5.45 (2.98, 9.97)

0.26 (0.15, 0.45)

0.24 (0.16, 0.37)

 Yesd

70 (65)

4.68 (2.90, 7.56)

4.55 (2.91, 7.13)

0.19 (0.14, 0.25)

0.18 (0.14, 0.25)

Uses food processorb

 Nod

92 (84)

4.43 (2.94, 6.67)

4.23 (2.89, 6.20)

0.23 (0.17, 0.31)

0.21 (0.16, 0.28)

 Yes

17 (16)

8.44 (3.19, 22.33)

12.81 (5.03, 32.60)****

0.14 (0.08, 0.26)

0.18 (0.09, 0.34)

Uses blender with plastic pitcherb

 Nod

82 (76)

5.25 (3.35, 8.21)

5.35 (3.53, 8.10)

0.22 (0.16, 0.30)

0.21 (0.16, 0.28)

 Yes

26 (24)

3.93 (1.91, 8.08)

4.05 (1.95, 8.41)

0.19 (0.11, 0.34)

0.20 (0.12, 0.32)

Uses kitchen appliance with plastic bowl/pitcherb

 Nod

58 (54)

5.58 (3.31, 9.41)

5.63 (3.47, 9.13)

0.23 (0.16, 0.33)

0.20 (0.15, 0.29)

 Yes

49 (46)

3.92 (2.24, 6.84)

4.02 (2.35, 6.88)

0.19 (0.13, 0.29)

0.20 (0.14, 0.29)

Knows or heard about BPAb

 Nod

65 (60)

3.94 (2.54, 6.10)

4.32 (2.69, 6.93)

0.20 (0.14, 0.28)

0.19 (0.14, 0.27)

 Yes

44 (40)

6.55 (3.33, 12.89)

5.95 (3.37, 10.50)

0.23 (0.15, 0.34)

0.21 (0.14, 0.31)

Takes action to avoid BPA

 Noned

81 (72)

5.16 (3.28, 8.12)

5.31 (3.48, 8.10)

0.20 (0.15, 0.28)

0.20 (0.15, 0.27)

 Avoids BPA or purchases

14 (12)

    

 BPA-free labeled products

 

2.16 (0.85, 5.48)

2.48 (0.90, 6.85)

0.30 (0.15, 0.62)

0.25 (0.12, 0.51)

 Avoids BPA and purchases

17 (15)

    

 BPA-free labeled products

 

6.93 (2.67, 17.99)

6.09 (2.46, 15.08)

0.18 (0.08, 0.40)

0.18 (0.10, 0.34)

  1. GM geometric mean, MGM marginal geometric mean
  2. aBPA in conjugated form = BPA in glucuronide form + BPA in sulfate form. BPA in glucuronide form = BPA glucuronide*0.5614. BPA in sulfate form = BPA sulfate*0.7404. The factors 0.5614 and 0.7404 are the ratios of the molecular weight of BPA to the molecular weights of BPA glucuronide and BPA sulfate, respectively
  3. bData missing on: touch receipts (n = 5), purchased meals (n = 5), consume wine (n = 2), store food in plastic food container (n = 4), food processor (n = 3), blender with plastic pitcher (n = 4), kitchen appliance with plastic bowl/pitcher (n = 5), and knowledge of BPA (n = 3)
  4. c4 participants who reported eating canned foods were grouped with “Ate yesterday” category
  5. d = baseline group
  6. * p <0.1 and ** = p <0.05 for Kruskal-Wallis test
  7. ***=p <0.1 and **** = p <0.05 for multivariable linear regression, controlling for maternal education and race/ethnicity (for BPA in conjugated form outcome) and education and BMI (for BPA outcome)