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Table 2 Risk of mortality by breastfeeding status and kitchen location

From: Household air pollution and under-five mortality in India (1992–2006)

 

Neonatal

Post neonatal

Child

Study Factors

ne

n (%)f

ORb 95 %(CI)

P value

ne

n (%)f

ORb 95 %(CI)

P value

ne

n (%)f

ORb 95 %(CI)

P value

Combined Association of Breastfeeding Status and Use of Cooking fuel

            

Ever breastfed & used clean fuelsa, c

203

1.5

1.00

 

67

0.6

1.00

 

27

0.2

1.00

 

Ever breastfed & used polluting fuelsd

2285

2.6

1.58 (1.37-1.83)

<0.001

1322

1.4

2.76 (2.16-3.53)

<0.001

919

1.0

4.72 (3.22-6.92)

<0.001

Never breastfed & used clean fuelsc

362

2.7

1.73 (1.46-2.06)

<0.001

149

1.0

2.15 (1.61-2.87)

<0.001

42

0.3

1.49 (0.92-2.41)

0.109

Never breastfed & used polluting fuelsd

3232

8.2

5.36 (4.65-6.19)

<0.001

1816

4.4

8.87 (6.94-11.33)

<0.001

887

2.2

10.47 (7.13-15.37)

<0.001

Linear trend

  

1.83 (1.78-1.88)

<0.001

  

1.84 (1.78-1.91)

<0.001

  

1.57 (1.50-1.64)

<0.001

Combined Association of Kitchen Location and Use of Cooking fuel

            

Separate kitchen used clean fuelsa, c

419

2.1

1.00

 

146

0.7

1.00

 

51

0.3

1.00

 

Separate kitchen used polluting fuelsd

2182

3.8

1.83 (1.65-2.04)

<0.001

1175

1.9

2.81 (2.36-3.34)

<0.001

559

0.9

3.79 (2.84-5.05)

<0.001

No separate kitchen used clean fuelsc

131

2.3

1.30 (1.06-1.58)

0.010

66

1.3

1.88 (1.40-2.51)

<0.001

17

0.2

1.38 (0.80-2.39)

0.249

No separate kitchen used polluting fuelsd

2912

4.6

2.34 (2.11-2.59)

<0.001

1761

2.6

4.03 (3.40-4.78)

<0.001

1136

1.7

7.37 (5.56-9.76)

<0.001

Linear trend

  

1.21 (1.18-1.24)

<0.001

  

1.32 (1.28-1.37)

<0.001

  

1.54 (1.47-1.61)

<0.001

  1. Note: aReference category, bodds ratio, cclean fuels: electricity, LPG, natural gas, biogas, dPolluting fuels: kerosene, coal/lignite, charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, agricultural crop and animal dung, en = number of mortality cases of children for neonatal, post-neonatal and child age-group, fpercentage of mortality cases