Table 1 Summary of study characteristics
Study Author Date of Publication | Country | Study design | Study Population | Sample size | Environ-mental Mn Measure | Biomarker Measure | Neurodevelopmental Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barlow et al. (1983) [62] | United Kingdom | Case control | Children ≤ 16 years | 68 exposed (65 controls) | None measured | Hair | Diagnosis of hyperactivity by personal physicians, child psychiatrists and social workers |
Collipp et al. (1983) [34] | Long Island, New York, US | Cross-sectional | Infants and children ≤ 4 years | 70 | Infant formula | Hair | No health outcome |
Case control | Learning disabled children and controls 7–10 years | 16 learning disabled children; (44 controls) | Hair | Learning disability for 7-10 year olds (parent and teacher reports, child interview, and neurological exam) | |||
Takser et al. (2003) [43] | Paris, France | Prospective | Mother-infant pairs followed until 6 years | 247 mother- infant pairs, 100 after 6 years) | None measured | Hair, cord blood, placenta | Attention, nonverbal memory, hand skills, general psychomotor indices (Brunet-Lézine development quotient at 9 months), (McCarthy General Cognitive Index at 3 and 6 years) |
Wasserman et al. (2006) [18] | Araihazar Bangladesh | Cross sectional | Children 9.5–10.5 years | 142 | Well water | Blood | IQ (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, WISC-III) |
Wright et al. (2006) [16] | Miami, OK, US | Cross sectional | Children 11–13 years | 31 | Not measured, but location coexisted with a Superfund site (Pb, Zn, Mn, Cd) | Hair | IQ (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence or WASI); Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Ability; receptive scales of Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals; California Verbal Learning Test-Children; Behavioral Assessment System for Children; tests of story memory (Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning); Children’s Depression Inventory, and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions |
Bouchard et al. (2007) [17] | Québec, Canada | Cross sectional | Children 6–15 years | 46 | Well water | Hair | Hyperactivity, oppositional behavior, cognitive problems, inattention, (Revised Conners Teachers’ and Parents’ Rating Scales) |
Ericson et al. (2007) [52] | United States | Prospective | NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development who shed a tooth | 27 | None measured | Tooth enamel | Behavioral disinhibition (Forbidden Toy Task), sustained attention (Mirsky Continuous Performance Test), impulsive error score (Children’s Stroop Test), and total, internalizing, externalizing and attention problems (Children Behavior Checklist) |
Kim et al. (2009) [26] | Seoul, Seongnam, Ulsan, and Yeoncheon, South Korea | Cross sectional | Children 8–11 years | 261 | None measured | Blood | IQ including vocabulary, arithmetic, picture arrangement and block design (Korean Educational Development Institute-Wechsler Intelligence Scales) |
Claus Henn et al. (2010) [44] | Mexico City, Mexico | Prospective | Children enrolled at or before birth and followed through age 3 | 448 | None measured | Blood | Mental Development Index (MDI) and the Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) (Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II) |
Riojas- Rodriguez et al. (2010) [31] | Hidalgo, Mexico | Cross sectional | Children 7–11 years | 79 (93 controls) | None measured | Hair, blood | IQ (WISC-Revised) |
Bouchard et al. (2011) [32] | Québec, Canada | Cross sectional | Children 6–13 years | 362 | Water, diet | Hair | IQ (WASI) |
Hernández-Bonilla et al. (2011) [48] | Hidalgo, Mexico | Cross sectional | Children 7–11 years | 100 exposed (95 controls) | Prior studies show airborne Mn levels (median 0.10 g/m3) exceed 2006 US EPA Reference Concentration (0.05 μg/m3) | Hair, blood | Motor function: grooved pegboard, finger tapping, and Santa Ana test |
Khan et al. (2011) [29] | Araihazar Bangladesh | Cross sectional | Children 8–11 years | 201 | Water | Blood | Child behaviors including internalizing and externalizing subscales and a total score (TRF Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment) |
Menezes-Filho et al. (2011) [35] | Salvador, Brazil | Cross sectional | Children 6–12 years | 83 | None measured | Hair, blood | IQ (WISC - III) |
Parvez et al. (2011) [49] | Araihazar Bangladesh | Cross sectional | Children 8–11 years | 303 | Drinking water | Blood, toenails | Motor function (Bruininks-Oseretsky Test) including total score and subscales for coordination of hands and fingers and arms and hands, body coordination, strength and agility |
Khan et al. (2012) [58] | Araihazar Bangladesh | Cross sectional | Children 8–11 years | 840 | Water | None measured | Academic achievement from nationwide exams in math and language |
Wasserman et al. (2011) [30] | Araihazar Bangladesh | Cross sectional | Children ages 8–11 years | 299 | Well water | Blood | IQ, (WISC-IV) including verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed, and full scale scores |
Claus Henn et al. (2012) [27] | Mexico City, Mexico | Prospective | Children enrolled prenatally; followed to 36 months | 455 | None measured | Blood | Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II (MDI and PDI) |
Lucchini, Zoni, et al. (2012) [41] | Valamonica and Garda Lake, Italy | Cross sectional | Children 11–14 years | 299 | PM10, soil | Hair, blood, urine | IQ (WISC-III) including the overall, verbal and performance scores), and behavior (Conners-Wells’ Adolescent Self-Report Scale Long Form) |
Lucchini, Guazzetti et al. (2012) [33] | Valamonica and Garda Lake, Italy | Cross sectional | Children 11–14 years | 54 exposed (157 control) | PM10, soil, tap water, diet | Hair, Blood | Motor coordination (Luria Nebraska Battery) including hand dexterity, odor identification and tremor intensity |
Bhang et al. (2013) [40] | South Korea | Cross-sectional | Children 8–11 years | 1005 | None measured | Blood | IQ (WASI), ADHD Diagnostic System, Stroop Color-Word Test, Children’s Color Trails Test, ADHD Rating Scale, Learning Disability Evaluation Scale, Child Behavioral Checklist and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV |
Torres- Agustín et al. (2013) [54] | Hidalgo, Mexico | Cross sectional | Children 7–11 years | 79 (95 control) | PM10, soil | Hair, Blood | Memory and learning (Children’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test) including learning curve and level, immediate and delayed recall, recognition accuracy and immediate memory span |
Lin et al. (2013) [28] | Taipei, Taiwan | Prospective | Mother-Infant pairs in the Taiwan Birth Panel | 230 (pairs) | None measured | Cord blood | Development (Comprehensive Developmental Inventory for Infants and Toddlers) global, cognitive, language, motor, gross motor, fine motor, social, self-help, and behavioral development. |
Carvalho et al. (2014) [36] | Simões-Filho district, Bahia, Brazil | Cross sectional | Children 7–12 years | 70 | None measured; participants lived near a ferromanganese alloy plant | Hair | IQ (WISC-III), short-term, and working memory, sustained attention problem solving (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WCST-64) and sustained attention (TAVIS-III) |
Menezes- Filho et al. (2014) [53] | Salvador, Bahia, Brazil | Cross sectional | Children 7–12 years | 70 | None measured, but airborne exposure from residential proximity to ferromanganese plant | Hair, blood | Internalizing and externalizing behaviors, and attention problems (Children’s Behavioral Checklist) |
Oulhote et al. (2014) [47] | Quebec, Canada | Cross sectional | Children 6–13 years | 375 | Tap water, water consumption | Hair | Memory and learning (California Verbal Learning Test-Children’s Version), Connors Continuous Performance Test II, Version 5, Digit Span, Santa Ana Test, manual finger tapping |
Rink et al. (2014) [46] | Montevideo, Uruguay | Cross sectional | 14–45 months old | 60 | None measured | Hair | Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III, cognitive, language, fine and gross motor abilities |
Yang, et al. (2014) [57] | Shangai, China | Prospective | Mother-infant pairs | 933 | None measured | Cord blood | Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment |
Chung et al. (2015) [42] | Seoul, Ulsan and Cheonan, South Korea | Prospective | Maternal - infant pairs recruited prenatally | 232 mother- infant pairs assessed at 6 months postpartum and followed for 3 years | None reported | Maternal blood | Bayley Scales of Infant Development |
do Nascimento et al. (2015) [37] | Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | Cross sectional | Children 6–12 years | 69 | Tap water | Hair, blood | Nonverbal IQ (Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices) |
Gunier et al. (2015) [45] | Salinas Valley, California, US | Prospective | Children recruited from prenatal cohort; followed to 7 years | 197 (prenatal) 193 (postnatal) | Residential proximity to agricultural use of Mn- containing fungicides and ‘take home’exposures | Teeth (pre- and postnatal dentin from incisors) | Cognitive abilities, fine and gross motor coordination (Bayley’s Scales of Infant Development) |
Haynes et al. (2015) [15] | Marietta, Ohio, US | Cross sectional | Children 7–9 years | 404 | None reported; PM2.5 associated with residential proximity to a ferromanganese refinery | Hair, blood | IQ (WISC-IV), including perceptual reasoning, processing speed, working memory and verbal comprehension |
Mora et al. (2015) [39] | Salinas Valley, California, US | Prospective | Children enrolled prenatally provided shed teeth starting at 7–9 years, followed to 10.5 years | 248 (prenatal) 244 (postnatal) | Residential proximity to agricultural use of Mn- containing fungicides | Teeth (pre- and postnatal dentin from incisors) | Behavior including internalizing, externalizing and hyperactivity (Behavioral Assessment System for Children; Conners’ Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV), accuracy and impulse control (Connors’ Continuous Performance Test II, Version 5) Cognition and memory including IQ (WISC-IV), verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed and full-scale score; visuospatial and verbal memory (NEPSY II Memory for Designs) verbal learning and memory abilities (CAVLT-II) Motor including fine motor dexterity including finger tapping and pegboard at age 7, and subtests of the Luria Nebraska Motor Battery, at ages 9 and 10.5 |
Ode et al. (2015) [50] | Malmö, Sweden | Case control | Children born 1987 to 2000 diagnosed with ADHD 5–17 years; matched controls | 166 (case-control pairs) | None measured | Cord serum | ADHD diagnosis (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSMMD-III, IV) |
Shin et al. (2015) [51] | Seoul, South Korea | Case control | Children, 6–16 years, ADHD cases referred post-diagnosis | 40 cases (43 controls) | None measured | Hair | ADHD diagnosis DSMMD- IV, Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version and other tests |
Sun et al. (2015) [38] | Jiangsu, China | Cross sectional | Children, 8–12 years with natural environmental lead exposure | 446 | Mean community Pb concentrations in surface soil: 27.7 mg/kg, -1 and undetected levels in outdoor air (<0.0035 mg/ m-3 | Blood | IQ (Combined Raven Test modified in China) |