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Table 1 Concentrations of Phthalate Metabolites (μg/L) and Handgrip Strength (kg) According to baseline characteristics of the study population in the korean elderly environmental Panel II Study (2012–2015)

From: Association between phthalate exposure and lower handgrip strength in an elderly population: a repeated-measures study

Baseline covariates

Totala (n = 1,228)

1st survey (n = 758)

2nd survey (n = 767)

3rd survey (n = 782)

Handgrip strengthb (AM ± SD)

MEOHP (GM ± GSD)

MEHHP (GM ± GSD)

MnBP (GM ± GSD)

Age (years)

75.0 ± 6.1

74.7 ± 5.9

75.7 ± 5.8

76.0 ± 5.8

    

 60–69

244 (19.9)

153 (20.2)

116 (15.1)

111 (14.2)

22.0 ± 6.9

13.5 ± 2.8

18.8 ± 2.8

27.9 ± 2.1

 70–79

694 (56.5)

444 (58.6)

459 (59.8)

453 (57.9)

20.4 ± 7.5

15.4 ± 2.4

20.7 ± 2.5

28.2 ± 2.2

 ≥80

290 (23.6)

161 (21.2)

192 (25.0)

218 (27.9)

17.0 ± 7.0

17.6 ± 2.4

24.3 ± 2.4

28.5 ± 2.2

Sex

 Men

374 (30.5)

237 (31.3)

197 (25.7)

216 (27.6)

27.7 ± 6.5

16.5 ± 2.3

22.6 ± 2.4

29.8 ± 2.1

 Women

854 (69.5)

521 (68.7)

570 (74.3)

566 (72.4)

16.5 ± 4.9

15.0 ± 2.6

20.5 ± 2.6

27.6 ± 2.2

Tobacco smoking

 Nonsmoker

1,007 (82.0)

615 (81.1)

650 (84.8)

645 (82.5)

18.3 ± 6.6

15.3 ± 2.5

20.8 ± 2.5

27.8 ± 2.2

 Ex-smoker

161 (13.1)

108 (14.3)

87 (11.3)

111 (14.2)

27.5 ± 7.0

16.0 ± 2.3

22.0 ± 2.6

31.9 ± 2.2

 Smoker

60 (4.9)

35 (4.6)

30 (3.9)

26 (3.3)

26.4 ± 6.9

18.1 ± 2.1

24.0 ± 2.3

26.5 ± 2.3

Alcohol drinking

 No drinking

886 (72.2)

538 (71.0)

579 (75.5)

427 (54.6)

18.2 ± 6.5

15.6 ± 2.5

21.2 ± 2.5

27.5 ± 2.2

 Ex-drinker

95 (7.7)

60 (7.9)

59 (7.7)

109 (13.9)

23.8 ± 7.2

15.4 ± 2.2

20.6 ± 2.5

33.0 ± 2.3

 Drinker

243 (19.8)

159 (21.0)

122 (15.9)

246 (31.5)

24.4 ± 8.5

15.4 ± 2.4

21.1 ± 2.6

29.4 ± 2.0

 Did not answer

4 (0.3)

1 (0.1)

7 (0.9)

0 (0)

17.7 ± 1.6

9.6 ± 10.5

22.7 ± 4.8

21.6 ± 3.9

Moderate physical activity

 No exercise

772 (62.9)

486 (64.1)

430 (56.1)

403 (51.5)

19.2 ± 7.9

16.0 ± 2.4

22.0 ± 2.5

26.5 ± 2.2

 ≤3 times/week

206 (16.8)

105 (13.9)

190 (24.8)

190 (24.3)

19.3 ± 6.3

15.1 ± 2.4

19.8 ± 2.5

31.7 ± 2.0

 ≥4 times/week

246 (20.0)

163 (21.5)

147 (19.2)

189 (24.2)

22.4 ± 6.7

14.3 ± 3.0

19.6 ± 2.7

30.8 ± 2.2

 Did not answer

4 (0.3)

4 (0.5)

0 (0)

0 (0)

20.2 ± 3.9

22.7 ± 1.7

30.1 ± 1.5

44.8 ± 1.4

Monthly income (US $)

 <450

589 (48.0)

316 (41.7)

426 (55.5)

327 (41.8)

19.2 ± 7.4

16.8 ± 2.3

23.0 ± 2.4

27.7 ± 2.2

 450–1,349

173 (14.1)

75 (9.9)

120 (15.7)

264 (33.8)

21.9 ± 8.3

15.7 ± 2.7

22.7 ± 2.5

30.5 ± 2.2

 ≥1,350

126 (10.3)

85 (11.2)

92 (12.0)

87 (11.1)

23.4 ± 7.5

12.4 ± 2.7

17.2 ± 2.7

27.1 ± 2.2

 Did not answer

340 (27.7)

282 (37.2)

129 (16.8)

104 (13.3)

18.8 ± 6.6

14.4 ± 2.6

18.9 ± 2.7

28.4 ± 2.1

Education level

 Less than elementary school

399 (32.5)

224 (29.6)

254 (33.1)

272 (34.8)

16.1 ± 6.1

16.8 ± 2.3

22.8 ± 2.3

27.6 ± 2.2

 Elementary or middle school

598 (48.7)

371 (48.9)

374 (48.8)

373 (47.7)

20.4 ± 7.0

15.5 ± 2.6

21.4 ± 2.6

28.2 ± 2.2

 High school or higher

231 (18.8)

163 (21.5)

139 (18.1)

137 (17.5)

24.9 ± 7.7

13.4 ± 2.6

17.8 ± 2.6

29.5 ± 2.1

City of residence

 Seoul

554 (45.1)

391 (51.6)

392 (51.1)

396 (50.6)

19.9 ± 6.6

12.2 ± 2.5

15.9 ± 2.5

30.2 ± 2.1

 Asan

674 (54.9)

367 (48.4)

375 (48.9)

386 (49.4)

19.9 ± 8.1

18.8 ± 2.3

26.6 ± 2.4

26.7 ± 2.2

Body mass index (kg/m2)

23.7 ± 3.2

24.0 ± 2.9

23.8 ± 3.3

24.2 ± 3.3

    

 <23

513 (41.8)

292 (38.5)

311 (40.6)

295 (37.7)

18.9 ± 7.5

15.8 ± 2.5

21.0 ± 2.6

26.5 ± 2.2

 23–24

319 (26.0)

207 (27.3)

189 (24.6)

193 (24.7)

21.5 ± 7.5

14.8 ± 2.6

20.4 ± 2.6

28.2 ± 2.1

 ≥25

396 (32.3)

259 (34.2)

267 (34.8)

294 (37.6)

19.8 ± 7.3

15.7 ± 2.4

21.9 ± 2.3

30.6 ± 2.2

Comorbidity statusc

 0

351 (28.6)

208 (27.4)

189 (24.6)

146 (18.7)

20.5 ± 7.6

14.1 ± 2.7

18.9 ± 2.7

27.2 ± 2.1

 1

499 (40.6)

329 (43.4)

282 (36.8)

280 (35.8)

20.3 ± 7.9

16.0 ± 2.4

21.8 ± 2.4

28.5 ± 2.1

 2

291 (23.7)

183 (24.1)

215 (28.0)

213 (27.2)

19.2 ± 6.9

15.7 ± 2.6

21.8 ± 2.6

29.3 ± 2.3

 ≥3

87 (7.1)

38 (5.0)

81 (10.6)

143 (18.3)

17.7 ± 6.4

17.9 ± 2.3

24.6 ± 2.3

27.5 ± 2.2

  1. AM arithmetic mean, SD standard deviation, GM geometric mean, GSD geometric standard deviation, MEOHP mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, MEHHP mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, MnBP mono-n-butyl-phthalate
  2. aBaseline characteristics of the participants included in analyses are presented. Values are presented as n (%) or means ± standard deviations. bAverage of the right handgrip strengths measured at the first and second attempts. cThe number of chronic diseases that were self-reported as being present: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoarthritis, stroke, coronary heart disease, stomach cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, uterine cancer, or other cancer