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Table 3 Associationsa between exposure to BTEX pollutants and first use of academic support services, New York City Longitudinal Study of Early Development 1994–1998

From: Early-life exposure to air pollution and greater use of academic support services in childhood: a population-based cohort study of urban children

Pollutant

Crude HR

95% CI

Adjustedb HR

95% CI

Non-movers Adjustedb HR

95% CI

 

N = 201559

 

N = 201559

 

N = 57025

 

Benzene greater than 90th centile

1.13

1.10, 1.17

1.09

1.05, 1.13

1.10

1.04, 1.17

Benzene at or lower than 90th centile

1

 

1

 

1

 

Toluene greater than 90th centile

1.09

1.05, 1.12

1.06

1.02, 1.09

1.08

1.02, 1.15

Toluene at or lower than 90th centile

1

 

1

 

1

 

Ethylbenzene greater than 90th centile

1.10

1.07, 1.14

1.06

1.03, 1.10

1.10

1.03, 1.16

Ethylbenzene at or lower than 90th centile

1

 

1

 

1

 

Xylenes greater than 90th centile

1.10

1.07, 1.14

1.07

1.03, 1.10

1.10

1.04, 1.17

Xylenes at or lower than 90th centile

1

 

1

 

1

 

BTEX greater than 90th centile for at least one pollutant

1.12

1.09, 1.15

1.08

1.05, 1.11

1.11

1.05, 1.17

BTEX at or lower than 90th centile for all pollutants

1

 

1

 

1

 

BTEX greater than 90th centile for all pollutants

1.08

1.05, 1.13

1.06

1.02, 1.10

1.09

1.02, 1.16

BTEX at or lower than 90th centile for at least one pollutant

1

 

1

 

1

 
  1. aCrude and adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals resulting from discrete hazard models with complementary log-log function
  2. bAdjusted for the following confounders maternal race/ethnicity, maternal nativity, maternal educational attainment, maternal age at delivery, maternal marital status at the time of delivery, maternal insurance coverage at delivery, child’s maximum blood lead level and a neighborhood deprivation index [24], derived from census variables