Erectile dysfunction and exposure to ambient air pollution in a nationally representative cohort of older men

Table 1 Characteristics of NSHAP Male Participants Included in the Incident ED Study^a

Characteristic	Men with ED	Men without ED	P-value^b
Number of Participants^c	132	280
Age, mean (SD)	70.73 (6.27)	69.55 (6.06)	0.07
Race, n (%)
Non-Hispanic white	104 (78.79%)	186 (66.67%)	0.01
Non-Hispanic black	17 (12.88%)	39 (13.98%)
Hispanic non-black	8 (6.06%)	43 (15.41%)
Other	3 (2.27%)	11 (3.94%)
Region
Northeast	24 (18.18)	56 (20.07)	0.03
Southeast	37 (28.03)	54 (19.35)
Midwest	26 (19.70)	39 (13.98)
Central	18 (13.64)	47 (16.85)
West	27 (20.45)	83 (29.75)
Education Level, n (%)
Less than High School	11 (8.33%)	60 (21.43%)	0.004
H.S. or vocational school	74 (56.06%)	131 (46.79%)
College degree or greater	47 (35.61%)	89 (31.79%)
Median Household Income^d, mean (SD)	58.97 (24.54)	61.09 (31.01)	0.49
Diabetes, n (%)	37 (28.42%)	44 (15.71%)	0.003
Hypertension^e, n (%)	53 (40.46%)	120 (43.80%)	0.52
Elevated CRP, (>1), n (%)	86 (65.65%)	161 (57.91%)	0.14
BMI (kg/m²), mean (SD)	30.16 (5.66)	29.09 (5.37)	0.07
Exercise (weekly or more), n (%)	91 (68.94%)	197 (70.36%)	0.77
Current smoker, n (%)	17 (12.88%)	46 (16.43%)	0.35
Elevated depression^f, n (%)	23 (17.42%)	39 (13.93%)	0.35
PM_2.5 ^g (μg/m³), mean (SD)	8.87 (2.12)	8.63 (2.30)	0.32

^aStatistics are given for male participants from ED analysis, results are given as n (%) or mean (SD)
^b p values calculated for difference between groups using chi-square tests for categorical variables and t-test for difference in means
^cMen with ED are defined as subjects replying yes to ED question (129) or reporting ED medication usage (10) in Wave 2 and not Wave 1 (7 men replied yes to both); Men without ED are subjects who replied no to ED question and ED medication use in both waves
^dMedian household income is from census tract of each participant, results given in thousands of dollars
^e>90 mmHg diastolic and/or >140 mmHg systolic averaged from 2 or 3 blood pressure measurements
^fElevated depression defined as a score of 9 or greater on the CESD-11
^gPM_2.5 = Particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in diameter, 1 year moving average values estimated using concentration estimated at closest 6x6km grid point to participant residence using GIS-based spatio-temporal models

ISSN: 1476-069X