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Table 1 Blood lead levels (μg/dL) by participant characteristics

From: Association between blood lead and blood pressure: a population-based study in Brazilian adults

Characteristic

n (%)

Percentile 50th (median)

Interquartile range

Min – max values

Geometric means (95% CI)

p-Valuea

Overall

948 (100)

1.94

1.44

0.46 – 45.62

1.97 (1.90, 2.04)

 

Sex

 Male

421 (44.4)

2.46

1.72

0.65 – 45.62

2.59 (2.46, 2.73)

<0.001

 Female

527 (55.6)

1.59

0.99

0.46 – 27.91

1.58 (1.51, 1.65)

 

Age (years)

 40 – 49

386 (40.7)

1.83

1.46

0.48 – 27.91

1.84 (1.73, 1.96)

0.001

 50 – 59

294 (31.0)

2.09

1.42

0.54 – 21.83

2.13 (2.00, 2.28)

 

  ≥ 60

268 (28.3)

1.94

1.36

0.46 – 45.62

1.98 (1.84, 2.12)

 

Race

 White

562 (59.3)

1.87

1.42

0.46 – 45.62

1.88 (1.79, 1.97)

0.084

 Non white

386 (40.7)

2.03

1.48

0.49 – 24.49

2.09 (1.97, 2.23)

 

Education (years)

 0 – 3

229 (24.2)

1.99

1.28

0.46 – 10.78

1.94 (1.81, 2.08)

0.055

 4 – 7

357 (37.7)

1.94

1.51

0.51 – 45.62

2.00 (1.88, 2.14)

 

 8 – 11

265 (28.1)

1.99

1.64

0.49 – 27.91

2.03 (1.88, 2.20)

 

 12 or more

97 (10.0)

1.74

0.94

0.68 – 8.79

1.72 (1.56, 1.90)

 

Income classb

 A and B

348 (36.8)

1.95

1.44

0.48 – 45.62

1.97 (1.85, 2.11)

0.259

 C

514 (54.3)

1.97

1.49

0.46 – 13.03

1.98 (1.88, 2.08)

 

 D and E

85 (8.9)

1.74

1.20

0.51 – 24.49

1.85 (1.61, 2.11)

 

Occupation

 Exposed to lead

114 (12.0)

2.48

2.11

0.7 – 45.62

2.65 (2.31, 3.05)

<0.001

 Not exposed to lead

834 (88.0)

1.89

1.35

0.46 – 27.91

1.89 (1.82, 1.96)

 

Smoking

 Never

498 (52.5)

1.71

1.10

0.46 – 45.62

1.68 (1.59, 1.76)

<0.001

 Former

268 (28.3)

2.05

1.57

0.56 – 8.53

2.11 (1.98, 2.25)

 

 Current

182 (19.2)

2.64

2.18

0.87 – 27.91

2.73 (2.50, 2.98)

 

Alcohol Consumption

 Do not drink

584 (61.6)

1.74

1.19

0.46 – 27.91

1.74 (1.67, 1.83)

<0.001

 Drink

364 (38.4)

2.26

1.72

0.56 – 45.62

2.38 (2.24, 2.53)

 

Systolic blood pressure

  < 140 mm Hg

603 (63.6)

1.88

1.39

0.48 – 27.91

1.86 (1.78, 1.95)

<0.001

  ≥ 140 mm Hg

345 (36.4)

2.07

1.58

0.46 – 45.62

2.16 (2.02, 2.31)

 

Diastolic blood pressure

  < 90 mm Hg

714 (75.3)

1.86

1.35

0.46 – 45.62

1.86 (1.79, 1.94)

<0.001

  ≥ 90 mm Hg

234 (24.7)

2.19

1.73

0.50 – 24.49

2.31 (2.13, 2.51)

 

Hypertensionc

 No

429 (45.3)

1.88

1.46

0.49 – 27.91

1.88 (1.77, 1.98)

0.099

 Yes

519 (54.7)

2.00

1.47

0.46 – 45.62

2.04 (1.94, 2.15)

 

Glycemia (mg/dL)

  < 100

499 (52.6)

1.85

1.42

0.49 – 27.91

1.91 (1.81, 2.01)

0.278

  ≥ 100

449 (47.4)

2.00

1.44

0.46 – 45.62

2.03 (1.92, 2.15)

 

HDL (mg/dL)

  ≥ 50 female ≥40 male

483 (50.9)

2.04

1.68

0.49 – 27.91

2.13 (2.02, 2.26)

0.003

  < 50 female <40 male

465 (49.1)

1.84

1.19

0.46 – 45.62

1.80 (1.71, 1.89)

 

LDLd (mg/dL)

  < 160

767 (83.5)

1.90

1.42

0.46 – 27.91

1.92 (1.84 – 2.00)

0.574

  ≥ 160

151 (16.4)

2.01

1.36

0.60 – 12.88

2.07 (1.90 – 2.27)

 

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

  < 200

452 (47.7)

1.88

1.48

0.49 – 27.91

1.90 (1.80, 2.01)

0.188

  ≥ 200

496 (52.3)

1.99

1.36

0.46 – 45.62

2.03 (1.92, 2.14)

 

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

  < 150

622 (65.6)

1.89

1.51

0.48 – 27.91

1.94 (1.85, 2.03)

0.296

  ≥ 150

326 (34.4)

2.01

1.31

0.46 – 45.62

2.02 (1.90, 2.16)

 

Body Mass Indexe (Kg/m2)

 15 - <25

289 (30.8)

1.96

1.74

0.49 – 27.91

2.10 (1.95, 2.26)

0.004

 25 - <30

357 (38.1)

2.03

1.40

0.50 – 21.83

2.02 (1.90, 2.14)

 

  ≥ 30

291 (31.1)

1.85

1.15

0.46 – 45.62

1.95 (1.37, 2.78)

 
  1. a t-Student and Kruskal-Wallis test. bAccording to ABEP, 2012. Data missing for one participant. cAccording with VI Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertensão. Hypertension defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or current antihypertensive medication. d30 missing data on this variable (n = 918). e11 missing data on this variable (n = 937)
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X