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Table 2 Associations of placental gene expression in female and male placentas with maternal urinary monoester phthalates

From: Maternal urinary phthalates and sex-specific placental mRNA levels in an urban birth cohort

 

β (Females)

(95% CI)

β (Males)

(95% CI)

Sex by phthalate interaction

P-value

β (Females)

(95% CI)

β (Males)

(95% CI)

Sex by phthalate interaction

P-value

 

CYP19A1

AHR

MnBPa

  

0.08

  

0.19

Sex Q1

ref

1.43 (0.32, 2.54)

 

ref

1.15 (0.34, 1.97)

 

MnBP Q1

ref

ref

 

ref

ref

 

MnBP Q2

0.40 (−0.74, 1.54)

−0.66 (−1.93, 0.61)

 

−0.17 (−1.14, 0.80)

−1.03 (−2.04, −0.01)

 

MnBP Q3

0.22 (−1.14, 1.57)

−0.97 (−2.36, 0.42)

 

−0.80 (−2.02, 0.42)

−1.62 (−2.81, −0.43)

 

MnBP Q4

0.59 (−0.87, 2.05)

−1.80 (−3.90, 0.30)

 

−0.22 (−1.46, 1.03)

−1.69 (−3.18, −0.19)

 

MBzPb

  

0.07

  

0.22

Sex Q1

ref

0.42 (−0.97, 1.81)

 

ref

0.75 (−0.29, 1.79)

 

MBzP Q1

ref

ref

 

ref

ref

 

MBzP Q2

−0.57 (−1.66, 0.51)

0.11 (−1.44, 1.66)

 

0.16 (−1.01, 1.33)

0.25 (−0.92, 1.41)

 

MBzP Q3

0.35 (−0.92, 1.61)

0.31 (−1.26, 1.89)

 

0.93 (−0.11, 1.97)

0.51 (−0.66, 1.68)

 

MBzP Q4

0.96 (−0.32, 2.24)

−0.34 (−2.02, 1.34)

 

1.39 (0.17, 2.61)

0.19 (−1.03, 1.41)

 

MEHPc

  

0.46

  

0.90

Sex Q1

ref

0.53 (−0.86, 1.92)

 

ref

0.69 (−0.29, 1.66)

 

MEHP Q1

ref

ref

 

ref

ref

 

MEHP Q2

0.25 (−1.02, 1.52)

−0.09 (−1.11, 0.94)

 

0.19 (−0.89, 1.27)

−0.20 (−1.13, 0.73)

 

MEHP Q3

0.11 (−1.06, 1.28)

−0.78 (−2.00, 0.44)

 

−0.53 (−1.50, 0.43)

−1.02 (−2.02, −0.02)

 

MEHP Q4

0.09 (−1.35, 1.53)

0.24 (−0.86, 1.34)

 

−0.12 (−1.24, 1.00

−0.53 (−1.43, 0.38)

 

MEPd

  

0.89

  

0.52

Sex Q1

ref

0.38 (−0.68, 1.44)

 

ref

0.39 (−0.59, 1.36)

 

MEP Q1

ref

ref

 

ref

ref

 

MEP Q2

−0.14 (−1.82, 1.53)

−0.54 (−1.52, 0.45)

 

−0.08 (−1.38, 1.23)

−0.14 (−1.00, 0.72)

 

MEP Q3

−0.22 (−1.24, 0.80)

−0.50 (−1.82, 0.82)

 

0.40 (−0.63, 1.44)

−0.09 (−1.02, 0.85)

 

MEP Q4

−0.22 (−1.47, 1.03)

−0.06 (−1.22, 1.10)

 

0.13 (−1.07, 1.32)

0.59 (−0.43, 1.62)

 

MiBPe

  

<0.01

  

0.04

Sex Q1

ref

1.60 (0.56, 2.64)

 

ref

1.17 (0.29, 2.04)

 

MiBP Q1

ref

ref

 

ref

ref

 

MiBP Q2

0.46 (−0.68, 1.59)

−1.12 (−2.22, −0.02)

 

0.31 (−0.66, 1.29)

−0.97 (−1.90, −0.03)

 

MiBP Q3

0.91 (−0.27, 2.09)

−1.90 (−3.57, −0.23)

 

0.12 (−0.96, 1.20)

−1.68 (−2.93, −0.43)

 

MiBP Q4

−0.09 (−1.38, 1.21)

−1.21 (−2.51, 0.08)

 

−0.63 (−1.87, 0.60)

−1.17 (−2.38, 0.03)

 
 

CGA

CYP11A1

MnBPa

  

0.01

  

0.19

Sex Q1

ref

1.95 (0.87, 3.03)

 

ref

1.03 (0.39, 1.67)

 

MnBP Q1

ref

ref

 

ref

ref

 

MnBP Q2

−0.12 (−1.46, 1.22)

−1.59 (−2.87, −0.31)

 

−0.39 (−1.11, 0.33)

−0.91 (−1.81, −0.02)

 

MnBP Q3

0.59 (−0.75, 1.93)

-2.01 (−3.55, −0.48)

 

−0.23 (−1.12, 0.65)

−1.04 (−1.98, −0.10)

 

MnBP Q4

0.16 (−1.18, 1.50)

−1.60 (−3.31, 0.11)

 

0.15 (−0.78, 1.08)

−0.98 (−2.03, 0.07)

 

MBzPb

  

0.05

  

0.03

Sex Q1

ref

0.92 (−0.28, 2.11)

 

ref

0.50 (−0.24, 1.24)

 

MBzP Q1

ref

ref

 

ref

ref

 

MBzP Q2

−0.43 (−1.61, 0.75)

0.15 (−1.21, 1.50)

 

−0.28 (−1.00, 0.43)

0.47 (−0.38, 1.32)

 

MBzP Q3

0.99 (−0.33, 2.30)

0.30 (−1.01, 1.60)

 

0.59 (−0.24, 1.42)

0.54 (−0.40, 1.48)

 

MBzP Q4

0.68 (−0.67, 2.03)

−0.91 (−2.25, 0.42)

 

0.96 (0.11, 1.82)

−0.05 (−0.95, 0.85)

 

MEHPc

  

0.02

  

0.11

Sex Q1

ref

0.75 (−0.62, 2.12)

 

ref

0.59 (−0.21, 1.39)

 

MEHP Q1

ref

ref

 

ref

ref

 

MEHP Q2

−0.44 (−1.80, 0.93)

−0.15 (−1.41, 1.11)

 

−0.32 (−1.08, 0.44)

−0.51 (−1.34, 0.32)

 

MEHP Q3

0.13 (−1.11, 1.36)

−1.48 (−2.62, −0.35)

 

−0.20 (−0.98, 0.58)

−1.10 (−1.91, −0.29)

 

MEHP Q4

0.00 (−1.38, 1.38)

0.21 (−1.02, 1.45)

 

−0.45 (−1.35, 0.44)

−0.08 (−0.90, 0.73)

 

MEPd

  

0.38

  

0.90

Sex Q1

ref

0.72 (−0.52, 1.95)

 

ref

0.45 (−0.46, 1.36)

 

MEP Q1

ref

ref

 

ref

ref

 

MEP Q2

−0.10 (−1.61, 1.41)

−1.20 (−2.38, −0.01)

 

−0.13 (−1.09, 0.83)

−0.26 (−1.11, 0.59)

 

MEP Q3

−0.04 (−1.23, 1.16)

−0.44 (−1.77, 0.88)

 

0.17 (−0.62, 0.95)

−0.02 (−0.88, 0.84)

 

MEP Q4

−0.32 (−1.52, 0.89)

0.12 (−1.31, 1.54)

 

0.38 (−0.60, 1.35)

0.54 (−0.41, 1.49)

 

MiBPe

  

<0.01

  

0.02

Sex Q1

ref

2.09 (1.12, 3.07)

 

ref

1.08 (0.44, 1.71)

 

MiBP Q1

ref

ref

 

ref

ref

 

MiBP Q2

0.57 (−0.68, 1.82)

−1.71 (−2.94, −0.49)

 

0.12 (−0.58, 0.83)

−1.02 (−1.84, −0.19)

 

MiBP Q3

0.42 (−0.81, 1.66)

−2.48 (−3.79, −1.17)

 

0.01 (−0.74, 0.76)

−1.34 (−2.24, −0.45)

 

MiBP Q4

−0.25 (−1.57, 1.06)

−2.08 (−3.49, −0.68)

 

−0.29 (−1.16, 0.59)

−0.89 (−1.90, 0.12)

 
  1. Loge unit change (beta coefficient, confidence interval) in placental gene expression for an increase in quartile of maternal urinary phthalate in female and male placentas
  2. Abbreviations: MnBP Mono-n-butyl phthalate, MBzP Monobenzyl phthalate, MEHP Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, MEP Monoethyl phthalate, MiBP Mono-iso-butyl phthalate, MCPP Mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate, CYP19A1, Cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (Aromatase), AHR Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, CGA Chorionic gonadotropin alpha, CYP11A1 Cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1, Q1 Quartile 1, Q2 Quartile 2, Q3 Quartile 3, Q4 Quartile 4, ref referent
  3. aMnBP models were adjusted for MBzP, MEHP, MEP. Upper quartile limits for MnBP: 95 nM/l, 174 nM/l, 357 nM/l, 1724 nM/l
  4. bMBzP models were adjusted for MnBP, MEHP, MEP. Upper quartile limits for MBzP: 23 nM/l, 60 nM/l, 139 nM/l, 2138 nM/l
  5. cMEHP models were adjusted for MnBP, MBzP, MEP. Upper quartile limits for MEHP: 6.1 nM/l, 21 nM/l, 47 nM/l, 744 nM/l
  6. dMEP models were adjusted for MnBP, MBzP, MEHP. Upper quartile limits for MEP: 353 nM/l, 735 nM/l, 1708 nM/l, 31 μM/l
  7. eMiBP models were adjusted for MBzP, MEHP, MEP. Upper quartile limits for MiBP: 27 nM/l, 52 nM/l, 95 nM/l, 1685 nM/l
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Environmental Health

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